H-S- ADAMS 


BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR 

FLOWER  GARDENING 

About  200  pp.,  5  x  7|  in. 
Illustrated  with  many  photographs 
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MAKING  A  ROCK  GARDEN 
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LILIES 


L.  candidum — the  madonna  lily 


LILIES 


BEING    ONE    OF    A    SERIES 
OF  FLOWER  MONOGRAPHS 


BY 

H.  S.   ADAMS 

Author    of 

"Making  a  Rock  Garden" 
etc. 


NEW   YORK 

McBRIDE,   NAST  &  COMPANY 
1913 


Copyright,  1913,  by  ' 
McBaiDE,  NAST  &  Co. 


Published,  February,  1913 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I    INTRODUCTION 1 

II    SUB-GENERA,  WITH  PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  .  3 

III  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  ....  6 

IV  LILIES  FOR  NORTHERN  GARDENS  ...  11 
V    TENDER  AND  CAPRICIOUS  LILIES  ...  24 

VI    PLANTING  FOR  THE  BEST  EFFECTS  .     .  30 

VII    ESSENTIAL  CULTURAL  POINTS     ...  38 

VIII    LILIES  UNDER  GLASS 47 

IX    PROPAGATION 51 

X    INSECT  PESTS  AND  DISEASES  ....  54 

XI    LILIES  AS  Cur  FLOWERS  .....  56 

XII    SPECIES,  VARIETIES  AND  HYBRIDS     .     .  59 

XIII    LILIES  THAT  ARE  NOT  LILIES     .     .     .  101 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  LILIES 106 

INDEX                         ...                         .  109 


Q  O  *3  *y  O  Q 


THE  ILLUSTEATIONS 

L.  candidum — the  madonna  lily     .      .     Frontispiece 

TACINQ  PAQH 

L.  pardalinum — the  panther  lily 6 

L.  philadelphicum — the  Philadelphia  lily  ...  6 
L.  speciosum — the    handsome    lily — among    rho- 
dodendrons      /   ....  12 

L.  speciosum  var.  rubrum — the  red  handsome  lily  16 

L.  croceum — the  orange  lily 20 

L.  testaceum — the  Nankeen  lily 20 

L.  sulphureum — the  sulphur  lily 28 

L.  tigrinum — the  tiger  lily 36 

L.  Eansoni — Hanson's  lily 46 

L.  auratum — the  gold-banded  lily 54 

L.  longifiorum — the  Easter  lily 58 

L.  Brownii — Brown's  lily 64 

L.  elegans — the  Thunbergian  lily 72 

L.  Leichtlini — Leichtlin's  lily 72 

L.  monadelphum — the  Caucasian  lily  ....  82 

L.  myriophyllum  in  the  garden 86 

L.  canadense — the  Canada  lily 96 

L.  tenuifolium — the  coral  lily 96 

L.  tigrinum,  var.  flore-pleno — the  double  tiger  lily  100 


LILIES 

CHAPTEE  I 

INTKODUCTION 

OF  all  flowers,  none  is  more  beautiful  than 
the  lily.  Nor  is  any  more  famous  in  song,  in 
story  and  in  art,  or  more  sanctified  by  long 
garden  association.  Indeed,  from  remote  an- 
tiquity, only  the  rose  and  the  violet  have  been 
so  strongly  intrenched  in  the  hearts  of  the  peo- 
ple. 

Yet,  of  all  flowers,  the  lily  is  among  the  most 
neglected.  Especially  is  this  true  of  American 
gardens.  Lilies  have  been  cultivated  in  them 
since  early  colonial  days,  but  the  pioneer  ma- 
donna lily  is  far  from  common  even  in  New 
England  and  Virginia,  where  it  doubtless  had 
its  first  foothold.  The  old  orange  lily  is  toler- 
ably scarce  and  the  tiger  lily  has  made  no  more 
than  a  fair  amount  of  headway.  Add  the  aura- 
turn  and  speciosum  and  the  list  of  those  that 

1 


2  LILIES 

are  so  much  as  tolerably  familiar  figures  in  the 
home  garden  stops  at  five.  This  despite  the 
fact  that  there  are  a  score  or  more  of  easy 
species,  with  numerous  varieties  and  hybrids. 
And  how  many  kinds  of  lilies  are  frequently 
seen  in  the  greenhouse?  Just  one.  Here  are 
other  glorious  opportunities.  In  short  what  L. 
H.  Bailey  said  in  1900 :  l '  Dozens  of  magnificent 
lilies  are  practically  unknown "  is  quite  as  true 
to-day — more 's  the  pity. 

In  the  hope  of  helping  to  bring  the  lily  into 
its  own  here,  in  both  garden  and  greenhouse, 
this  book  has  been  written. 


CHAPTER  n 

SUB-GENEKA,   WITH   PRINCIPAL   SPECIES 

THE  species  of  Lilium,  the  typical  genus  of 
the  order  Liliaceae,  are  divided  by  Baker  into 
six  .groups,  or  sub-genera.  For  the  most  part 
the  distinction  lies  in  the  shape  and  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  blossoms.  The  sixth  group  is 
important  only  to  the  collector  and  sometimes 
is  omitted  altogether  in  the  classification  of  this 
flower. 

There  are  differences  of  opinion  as  to  the 
technical  correctness  of  this  division  and  also 
as  to  which  group  some  of  the  lilies  belong. 
Both  are  far  less  serious  differences  in  the  gar- 
den than  in  the  botanist's  mind. 

This  list  is  not  complete;  it  includes  only  the 
principal  species. 

1.  CARDIOLANUM  (heart-leaved).  White  blossoms, 
funnel-shaped.  Leaves  stalked,  heart-shaped,  ovate. 

cordifolium  giganteum 


4  LILIES 

2.  EULIRION  (true  lilies).    Large,  funnel  or  trum- 
pet-shaped blossoms,   but  shorter;   mostly   white  or 
light  tints.    Lanceolate  leaves. 

Brownii  Parryi 

candidum  philippinense 

japonicum  primulinum- 

longiflorum  rubellum 

Lowii  sulphureum 

myriophyllum  Wallichianum 

neilgherrense  Washingtonianum 
nepalense 

3.  ARCHELIRION.    Blossoms    large,    funnel-shaped, 
but  open,  the  divisions  spreading  wide  and  turned 
back;  pistil  curved  forward  and  stamens  diverging 
from  it. 

auratum  speciosum 

Henryi  tigrinum 

4.  ISOLIRION     (upright-flowered    lilies).    Blossoms 
erect,  more  or  less  cup-shaped  and  generally  early 
expanding ;  mostly  orange  or  reddish  orange. 

bulbiferum  dauricwm 

Catesbaei  elegans 

concolor  medeoloides 

coridion  philadelphicum 

croceum  Wallacei 

5.  MARTAGON.    Blossoms    mostly    Turk's    cap,    or 
turn-cap  type,  the  bell  shape  of  L.  canadense  being  an 


SUB-GENEEA  5 

exception.    About  half  of  the  species  have  leaves  in 
whorls. 

avenaceum  Leichtlini 

callosum  maritimum 

canadense  Mart  agon 

carniolicum  monadelphum 

chalcedonicum  pardalinum 

columbianum  parviflorum 

Grayi  parvum 

Hansom  polyphyllum 

Heldreichi  pomponium 

Humboldtii  pyrenaicum 

Jankae  superbum 

Kelloggii  tenuifolium 

testaceum 

6.  NOTHOLIRION.  Has  only  two  species,  that  appear 
to  be  a  link  between  the  lily  and  the  fritillary  and 
are  of  difficult  garden  culture. 

Hookeri  roseum 


CHAPTEE  III 

GEOGRAPHICAL   DISTRIBUTION 

LILIES  are  flowers  of  temperate  regions — • 
which  is  fortunate  indeed,  as  it  makes  a  great 
many  of  the  species  available  for  gardens  that 
have  their  extremely  cold  months  and  brings 
all  of  the  others  within  the  range  of  climates 
where  the  winter  weather  is  mild. 

The  family  is  found  only  in  the  northern 
hemisphere.  In  North  America  the  lily  belt 
runs  across  the  upper  part  of  the  United  States 
and  strays  over  the  Canadian  border;  but  it 
resolves  itself  into  two  important  centers,  one 
taking  in  California,  Oregon  and  "Washington 
and  the  other  the  northeastern  states.  In  the 
western  group  are  L.  pardalinum,  L.  Wasliing- 
tonianum,  L.  parvum,  L.  Parryi,  L.  colum- 
bianum,  L.  maritimum,  L.  Humboldtii,  L.  Kel- 
loggii  and  L.  parviflorum,  constituting  a  list  of 
admirable  species  in  which  American  gardeners 
should  take  at  least  as  much  pride  of  cultiva- 
tion as  do  the  English.  Of  these,  L.  Washing- 

6 


I 

^ 

I 


GEOGKAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION       7 

tonianum  is  the  nearest  approach,  to  an  Ameri- 
can white  lily  that  there  is.  In  the  eastern 
group  L.  superbum  and  L.  canadense,  which 
range  from  New  Brunswick  to  the  nearer  south 
and  as  far  west  as  Minnesota  and  Missouri,  and 
L.  philadelphicum,  which  is  found  from  New 
England  to  North  Carolina  and  as  far  west  as 
the  other  two,  are  the  chief  species.  The  others, 
L.  carolinianum,  L.  Grayi  and  L.  Catesbaei  are, 
respectively,  so  similar  to  the  preceding  as  to 
seem  southern  variations;  they  are  not  found 
north  of  Virginia.  Indeed,  L.  carolinianum  is 
not  always  classed  as  a  species. 

Europe  has  lilies  so  far  north  as  the  lower 
part  of  Scandinavia,  hut  most  of  the  species  are 
natives  of  the  more  southerly  countries.  Here, 
too,  there  is  only  one  white  lily,  L.  candidum, 
which  is  one  of  a  few  that  recognize  no  geo- 
graphical line  between  Europe  and  nearest 
Asia.  Other  important  European  species  are 
L.  Martagon,  which  also  wanders  into  Asia; 
L.  croceum,  L.  bulbiferum,  L.  chalcedonicum,  L. 
pomponium,  L.  carniolicum,  L.  pyrenaicum  and 
L.  Jankae.  These  include,  in  L.  candidum,  the 
most  beautiful  of  all  garden  lilies  and  several 
others  than  which  none  is  more  useful  in  the 
hardy  border. 


8  LILIES 

In  Asia  the  great  lily  center  is  Japan  and 
China,  but  the  zone  extends  north  into  Siberia, 
and  south  to  the  Neilgherry  hills  of  India  and 
takes  in  the  extreme  west  as  well.  Here  are 
found  all  of  the  pure  white  and  whitish  lilies 
save  one  in  each  class  and  all  of  the  pure  pink 
and  pink-tinged  ones,  as  well  as  the  most  glow- 
ing red  and  orange  kinds.  Japan  has  fur- 
nished the  incomparable  list  of  L.  auratum,  L. 
speciosum,  L.  longiflorum,  L.  japonicum,  L. 
Hansoni,  L.  elegans,  L.  rubellum,  L.  Wallacei, 
L.  Leichtlini,  L.  medeoloides,  L.  dauricum,  L. 
cordifolium,  L.  coridion  and  L.  callosum;  China, 
L.  Henryi,  L.  myriophyllum,  L.  tenuifolium  and 
L.  yunnanense,  and  the  two  countries  together, 
L.  tigrinum,  L.  Brownii,  L.  concolor  and  L. 
avenaceum.  Of  these,  L.  tenuifolium,  L.  dauri- 
cum and  L.  concolor  are  natives  of  Siberia  also. 
In  India  are  found  L.  nepalense  and  L.  neilgher- 
rense;  in  Burmah,  L.  Lowii,  L.  sulphur eum  and 
L.  primulinum;  in  the  Himalayas,  L.  giganteum, 
L.  Wallichianum  and  L.  polyphyllum  and  in 
Persia,  extending  to  Caucasus,  L.  monadelphum. 
The  lilies  of  India  and  Burmah,  unfortunately, 
are  among  the  most  tender  as  well  as  among  the 
most  beautiful. 

There  is,  apparently,  a  certain  kinship  be- 


GEOGBAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION      9 

tween  lily  species  that  are  widely  separated 
geographically.  What  L.  philadelphicum  is  to 
America,  for  example,  L.  elegans  and  L.  dauri- 
cum  are  to  Asia  and  L.  croceum  is  to  Europe. 
Again,  the  L.  superbum  of  the  eastern  United 
States  differs  immaterially  from  the  western 
L.  pardalinum,  while  L.  Hansoni  might  be  called 
an  Asiatic  counterpart  and  L.  Jankae  a  Euro- 
pean one.  Then  there  are  the  American  L. 
canadense  and  L.  maritimum,  the  Asiatic  L. 
monadelpJium  and  the  European  L.  pomponium 
that  in  form,  if  not  so  closely  matched  in  color, 
put  another  lily  girdle  around  the  earth. 
Finally,  L.  Washingtonianum  on  this  side  of 
the  Pacific,  must  be  distantly  related  to  the 
white  and  whitish  trumpet  lilies  of  the  other 
side. 

It  is  probable  that  there  remain  no  undis- 
covered lilies.  The  only  hope  of  any  new  spe- 
cies seems  to  be  China — now  the  world 's  great 
botanical  reserve  and  the  lure  of  the  most 
ardent  inland  voyages  of  discovery. 

Just  when  the  lily  map  was  changed  by  the 
entry  of  this  flower  into  garden  cultivation  it 
is  impossible  to  say;  doubtless  the  earliest 
movement  from  the  wild  is  lost  in  antiquity. 
However,  it  is  going  far  enough  back  into  the 


10  LILIES 

past  to  say  that  L.  candidum  has  been  grown  in 
English  gardens  since  1596  and  this  must  have 
been  the  first  kind  to  cross  the  Atlantic.  Soon 
after,  L.  Martagon,  L.  croceum  and  L.  chalce- 
donicum  probably  found  their  way  northward. 
Eight  kinds  of  lilies  are  mentioned  in 
Gerard's  Herbal  (1597),  but  of  these  it  is 
difficult  to  identify  any  excepting  L.  candicum 
and  L.  bulbiferum.  In  1629,  "Paradisi  in 
Sole  Paradisus  Terrestris"  speaks  of  L.  pom- 
ponium,  L.  chalcedonicum,  L.  carniolicum,  L. 
Martagon  and  L.  pyrenaicum,  as  well  as  L. 
canadense,  which  therefore  appears  to  be  the 
pioneer  American  lily  in  Europe.  While  the 
eighteenth  century  saw  a  few  more  lilies  in  gar- 
dens, it  was  not  until  the  last  century  found 
Japan  and  China  open  to  western  commerce  and 
California  a  new  field  of  venture  because  of  the 
gold  craze,  that  the  real  rush  of  lilies  into  cul- 
tivation began.  The  discovery  of  lilies,  in 
short,  is  largely  coincident  with  the  entrance  of 
the  Pacific  into  the  world's  trade. 


CHAPTER  IV 

LILIES  FOB   NORTHERN   GARDENS 

ALL  lilies  are  beautiful;  one  could  pick  at 
random  and  draw  a  prize.  But  the  choice,  so 
far  as  American  gardens  that  know  a  real  win- 
ter is  concerned,  necessarily  is  limited  to  a 
^mailer  number  than  the  eighty  or  so  known 
species.  And  there  are  some  lilies  that  are 
rather  too  finicky  for  culture  without  extraordi- 
nary regard  for  their  particular  requirements. 
With  these  deductions  from  the  list,  however, 
there  remain  quite  enough  lilies  in  either  the 
easy  or  the  not  very  difficult  class  to  constitute 
nothing  less  than  an  embarrassment  of  riches. 
No  garden  need  be  without  at  least  one  lily. 

There  being  nothing  but  want  of  trying  to 
stand  in  the  way,  let  that  one  be  the  madonna 
lily  (L.  candidum).  This  is  not  only  the  loveli- 
est of  lilies,  but  the  hardiest  white  kind.  It  is 
so  adaptive  to  ordinary  garden  conditions  that 
frequently  it  will  stay  in  one  spot  for  a  genera- 
tion or  more  if  undisturbed.  Ben  Jonson 

11 


12  LILIES 

meant  the  madonna  lily  when,  years  ago,  he 
asked:  "Have  you  seen  but  a  whyte  lillie 
blow?"  And  it  is  to  it  that  Maeterlinck  refers 
when  he  says:  "The  great  white  Lily,  the  old 
lord  of  the  gardens,  the  only  authentic  prince 
among  all  the  commonalty  issuing  from  the 
kitchen-garden,  the  ditches,  the  copses,  the 
pools  and  the  moors,  among  the  strangers  come 
from  none  knows  where,  with  his  invariable  six- 
petalled  chalice  of  silver,  whose  nobility  dates 
back  to  that  of  the  gods  themselves — the  im- 
memorial Lily  raises  his  ancient  sceptre,  august, 
inviolate,  which  creates  around  it  a  zone  of 
chastity,  silence  and  light."  Certainly  either 
of  these  quotations  is  appealing  enough  to  bring 
to  every  American  dooryard  that  knows  it  not, 
the  lily  of  lilies — the  emblem  of  purity,  the  in- 
spiration of  poet  and  painter  for  centuries  and 
a  benediction  in  the  garden  when  June  is  melt- 
ing into  July.  Of  the  two  types,  the  one  with 
wide  petals  is  the  better. 

The  next  best  garden  lily,  if  sheer  loveliness 
as  well  as  complete  hardiness  be  considered,  is 
L.  speciosum;  which  has  no  adequate  common 
name.  Handsome  lily  is  indefinite  and  the  old 
name,  Japan  lily,  is  confusing.  Though  a  gar- 
den flower  in  the  western  world  since  1830,  it 


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L.   speciosum — the  handsome   lily — among   rho- 
dodendrons 


LILIES  FOR  NORTHERN  GARDENS     13 

does  not  begin  to  be  grown  as  much  as  its  merits 
warrant.  These  merits  include  late  August  and 
early  September  bloom,  thus  extending  the  lily 
season.  There  are  both  white  and  colored  va- 
rieties. The  white  has  a  faint  greenish  stripe 
down  each  petal  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  of  cool- 
looking  flowers  for  midsummer.  It  deserves 
the  widest  cultivation — with,  rather  than  in 
preference  to,  the  type ;  which  is  white,  faintly 
flushed  and  spotted  with  crimson.  If  more 
rosiness  is  desired,  add  the  admirable  variety 
Melpomene,  which  is  quite  a  deep  crimson  mar- 
gined with  white.  There  are  a  number  of  other 
good  kinds,  running  into  somewhat  confused 
nomenclature;  but  more  minute  distinctions 
than  these  three  may  well  be  left  to  Dutch, 
Japanese  and  English  horticulturists  to  set- 
tle among  themselves.  The  so-called  yellow 
speciosum  is  L.  Henryl. 

For  its  like  hardiness,  its  glowing  color  and 
its  rounding  out  of  a  little  lily  season  of  three 
months  by  blooming  late  in  July  and  early  in 
August,  the  tiger  lily  (L.  tigrmum)  is  well  en- 
titled to  third  place.  The  particular  shade  of 
orange  red,  spotted  with  deep  purple,  is  alto- 
gether unique  among  tall  lilies  and,  when  rightly 
employed,  is  a  valuable  tone  in  garden  painting. 


14  LILIES 

This  is  the  one  true  lily  that  has  so  far  Amer- 
icanized itself  as  to  have  become  an  "escape"; 
it  is  occasionally  found  wandering  out  to  the 
roadside  from  places  where  there  was  once  a 
garden.  The  finest  of  the  several  varieties  is 
L.  t.  splendens.  The  double  form,  though  the 
best  double  lily,  is  not  worth  while. 

Were  its  bloom  not  virtually  coincident  with 
that  of  L.  candidum,  third  place  would  be  given 
to  the  orange  lily  (L.  croceum).  It  is  "iron 
clad,"  having  stood  the  cottage  garden  test — 
and  there  is  no  better  recommendation  for  a  lily 
— time  beyond  memory.  The  bright  orange 
hue  is  wonderfully  rich  and  glowing  and  the 
erect  blossoms  are  set  so  closely  together  that 
the  color  is  even  more  amenable  to  bold  effects 
than  that  of  the  tiger  lily. 

These  four  lilies  would  glorify  any  garden 
and  may  be  called  a  perfectly  safe,  if  not  the 
safest,  quartet  for  northern  precedence.  Their 
selection,  however,  is  purely  arbitrary.  An- 
other, for  perhaps  quite  as  good  reasons,  might 
make  a  somewhat  different  choice ;  for  example, 
L.  tigrinum  splendens,  L.  speciosum  rubrum 
and  L.  tenmfolium  have  been  grouped  as  the 
most  desirable  three  lilies  for  everyone.  And 
there  you  are.  In  the  end  it  is  the  individual 


LILIES  FOE  NORTHERN  GARDENS     15 

who  must  decide  what  is  best  for  his  particular 
garden — best  after  considering  not  only  his  per- 
sonal preferences  but  climate,  soil,  shade,  shel- 
ter and  other  conditions.  From  this  point  to 
the  end  of  the  chapter,  therefore,  precedence  of 
mention  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  precedence 
of  desirability. 

If  any  lily  is  magnificent  it  is  the  gold-banded 
lily  (L.  auratum).  Its  color — white,  spotted 
sparsely  with  reddish  brown  and  each  petal 
banded  longitudinally  with  yellow — is  compara- 
tively modest,  but  there  is  a  richness  and  ele- 
gance to  it  all  that  is  singularly  impressive  in 
the  July  and  August  garden.  Then  there  is  the 
size  of  the  blossoms — sometimes  a  full  foot 
across,  making  this  the  largest  of  all  lilies.  The 
gold-banded  lily  has  been  in  cultivation  half  a 
century,  but  its  garden  progress  has  been  ren- 
dered pitiably  slow  by  the  fact  that,  though 
perfectly  hardy,  it  is  not  in  the  easiest  class. 
It  rarely  does  its  best  in  ordinary  conditions 
and,  for  some  reason  or  other,  it  is  apt  to  peter 
out  after  two  or  three  seasons,  making  frequent 
renewal  necessary. 

The  Martagon  lily  (L.  Martagon)  is  one  of 
the  most  graceful  of  border  lilies,  yet  it  is  rarely 
seen  in  American  gardens.  The  finest  kind  is 


16  LILIES 

L.  M.  album,  a  pure  white  variety  of  singular 
cliarm  and  one  that  should  be  widely  planted. 
The  type,  known  as  the  purple  Martagon  lily, 
is  dull  purplish  pink — somewhat  spotted.  It 
offers  a  striking  garden  hue,  that  deepens  to 
wine  color  in  L.  M.  dalmaticum  and  to  almost 
black  in  L.  M.  Cattaneae,  two  of  the  best  of  the 
colored  varieties.  The  double  form  is  of  no 
value.  The  scarlet  Martagon  lily  (L.  chalce- 
donicum)  is  a  distinct  species  that  is  quite  as 
worthy  of  wider  recognition.  Its  bright  red 
turbans  are  a  real  delight.  There  are  some  im- 
provements of  the  type;  the  best  is  L.  c.  excel- 
sum.  The  Martagon  lilies  bloom  in  June  and 
July. 

One  of  the  erect  lilies,  L.  croceum,  has  been 
mentioned  already.  Some  of  the  lower  species 
are  extremely  valuable  in  the  hardy  garden  be- 
cause of  their  dwarf  or  dwarfish  stature  as  well 
as  for  running  the  gamut  of  color  from  lemon 
through  all  the  yellows  to  red.  Excepting  for 
their  height  and  less  vigorous  growth,  the  two 
chief  species,  L.  dauricum  and  L.  elegans,  are 
enough  like  L.  croceum  to  deceive  many  a  flower- 
lover.  Add  to  this  the  fact  that  the  former  is 
identical  with  L.  davuricum  and  L.  umbellatum 
and  the  latter  with  L.  dahuricum,  L.  land  folium 


L.  speciosum  var.   rubrum — the   red   handsome 
lily 


LILIES  FOE  NORTHERN  GARDENS    17 

and  L.  Thunberaianum  and  that  the  blood  of 
both  is  mixed  with  each  other  and  with  L. 
croceum,  and  the  confusion  is  worse  confounded. 
The  best  way  is  to  pick  out  some  good  varieties 
and  let  the  authenticity  of  the  species  go  to  pot. 
In  the  elegans  class  the  variety  Batemanniae, 
sometimes  called  L.  Batemanniae,  is  an  exqui- 
sitely beautiful  late-flowering  apricot  variety 
that  grows  as  high  as  four  feet.  Of  the  dwarfs, 
Prince  of  Orange  is  a  fine  early  apricot  variety, 
Orange  Queen  all  that  its  name  implies  and 
Alice  Wilson  a  good  pale  yellow.  The  type  is 
orange  and  less  planted  than  the  varieties  and 
hybrids,  which  are  the  most  numerous  of  any 
lily.  Orange  is  also  the  type  color  of  L.  dauri- 
cum,  but  it  is  flushed  with  red  and  spotted  with 
black.  Of  the  varieties  and  hybrids,  Diadem, 
bright  crimson  with  a  yellow  band  down  each 
petal;  Sensation,  deep  orange  flushed  with 
brownish  red ;  incomparabile,  deep  crimson,  and 
Sappho,  light  orange  tipped  with  red,  are  all 
admirable.  June  and  July  are  the  blooming 
months.  The  bulb-bearing  lily  (L.  loulbiferum) 
is  similar  to  L.  dauricum,  but  the  type  has 
brighter  orange  red  blossoms  and  there  are  bul- 
bils in  the  leaf  axils.  It  is  a  very  old,  hardy- 
garden  plant,  with  a  blooming  season  extending 


18  LILIES 

from  July  to  August.  Then,  in  the  same  erect 
class,  there  is  the  red  star  lily  (L.  concolor),  a 
bright  scarlet  species,  spotted  red,  that  makes 
a  very  good  Asiatic  substitute  for  the  American 
L.  philadelphicum  where  the  latter  does  not  do 
well.  It  blooms  in  June  and  July  and  is  quite 
dwarf.  The  varieties  Coridion,  rich  yellow; 
Partheneion,  scarlet  flushed  with  yellow,  and 
pulchellum,  deep  crimson,  are  all  good. 

American  lilies  are  grown  mostly  in  English 
gardens — where  every  one  of  the  species  is 
treasured.  The  lack  of  home  appreciation  is 
nothing  short  of  deplorable.  One  of  the  noblest 
of  them,  the  swamp  lily  (L.  superbum),  will 
flourish  amazingly  in  an  ordinary  border  if  it 
has  only  so  much  as  a  ground  cover;  in  these 
circumstances,  without  its  wonted  peaty  soil  and 
moisture,  it  has  been  known  to  raise  a  cluster 
of  nearly  thirty  bells  full  seven  feet  above  the 
ground.  Its  orange  blossoms,  flushed  with 
scarlet,  spotted  with  brown  and  strongly  re- 
curved, are  excellent  for  heightening  the  gar- 
den skyline  in  July  and  August.  The  some- 
what similar  panther  lily  (L.  pardalinum)  of 
the  extreme  West  is  quite  as  excellent  for  a  like 
purpose.  The  blossoms,  coming  in  July,  are  a 
rather  bright  red,  the  lower  parts  of  the  petals 


LILIES  FOE  NOKTHEEN  GAEDENS     19 

being  orange  with  red  spots.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  varieties,  some  of  which  are  occasionally 
listed  as  species.  Of  its  hybrids,  Burbank's 
lily  (L.  BurbanJci)  is  especially  good.  The 
Carolina  lily  (L.  carolinianum)  is  hardy  in  the 
North,  but  is  less  striking  than  L.  superbum  and 
L.  pardalinum.  The  Canada  lily  (L.  canaden- 
se)  lends  itself  to  July  garden  use  with  the 
same  readiness  and,  though  less  showy,  both 
the  yellow  and  the  red  types  are  to  be  generally 
recommended.  Gray's  lily  (L.  Grayi)  is  so 
nearly  like  the  red  form  of  L.  canadense  that 
it  is  scarcely  worth  while  to  have  the  two  ex- 
cepting in  a  lily  collection.  The  Oregon  lily 
(L.  columbianwn)  grows  readily  in  eastern 
gardens,  but  its  small,  golden-yellow  blos- 
soms, spotted  with  red,  are  among  the  least 
effective  of  lily  blooms.  It  flowers  in  June 
and  July. 

The  Nankeen  lily  (L.  testaceum),  though  one 
of  the  choicest  of  border  lilies  and  quite  hardy, 
is  rarely  seen  in  American  gardens.  The  dull 
apricot  tone  that  gives  it  its  name,  set  off  by 
orange  anthers,  puts  it  in  a  color  class  by  itself. 
Few  lilies  are  more  graceful.  This  lily,  which 
blooms  in  June  and  July,  has  never  been  found 
growing  wild  5  but  it  is  regarded  as  a  natural 


20  LILIES 

hybrid  of  L.  candidum  and  either  Z/.  chalcedoni- 
cum  or  L.  pomponium. 

Among  the  oldest  and  hardiest  of  border  lilies 
is  the  turban  lily  (L.  pomponium).  The  type  is 
vermilion  red  and  not  unlike  the  scarlet  Marta- 
gon  lily,  but  it  blooms  earlier — in  June.  The 
variety  L.  p.  aureum  is  possibly  the  same  as  the 
yellow  Turk's  cap  lily  (L.  pyrenaicum)  or  the 
similar  L.  Jankae.  In  any  event,  both  of  these 
are  meritorious  yellow  lilies.  The  smaller  L. 
carniolicum  is  a  good  vermilion  red  lily  for  July. 

Hanson's  lily  (L.  Hansoni)  is  a  Japanese  va- 
riety that  ought  to  be  better  known,  as  it  is  quite 
hardy  and  not  at  all  difficult  of  culture.  The 
color  is  bright  orange,  spotted  with  brown  and 
the  reflexed  petals  are  very  thick  and  waxen. 
It  blooms  in  June  and  July  and  runs  up  to  a 
height  of  four  or  five  feet.  The  Marhan  lily 
(L.  Marhan)  is  a  most  attractive  hybrid  of  it, 
the  other  parent  being  L.  Martagon  album. 
The  color  is  a  tawny  orange,  curiously  spotted 
and  streaked  with  reddish  brown  and  the  backs 
of  the  petals  whitish.  It  has  the  Martagon 
habit  and  the  blooming  period  is  coincident  with 
that  of  L.  Hansoni. 

Of  the  white,  or  whitish,  lily  species,  the  only 
one  save  L.  candidum  that  can  be  placed  in  the 


L.  testaceum — the  Nankeen  lily 


.  croceum — the  orange  lily 


LILIES  FOR  NORTHERN  GARDENS     21 

first  rank  of  reliability  is  Brown 's  lily  (L. 
Brownii).  The  sole  drawback  is  that  it  re- 
quires replanting  every  few  years.  This  is  in- 
deed a  hardy  garden  treasure  of  July  and 
August.  The  blossoms,  usually  solitary,  are  of 
the  size  and  shape  of  the  Easter  lily;  but  they 
are  suffused  with  reddish  brown  on  the  outside 
and  the  anthers  are  brown.  There  is  a  variety, 
Chloraster,  that  is  suffused  with  green  and  the 
varieties  leucanthum  and  odorum  are  creamy 
yellow. 

A  somewhat  similar  newcomer,  from  China, 
that  appears  to  be  both  hardy  and  vigorous  in 
American  gardens  is  L.  myriophyllum.  Its 
funnel-shaped  white  blossoms,  flushed  with  yel- 
low in  the  center  and  the  outside  of  the  petals 
streaked  with  brown  and  tipped  with  pink,  and 
its  fine,  narrow  foliage  commend  it  to  general 
culture.  It  bears  some  resemblance  to  L. 
Brownii  leucanthum,  but  has  more  refinement 
and  it  blooms  a  little  earlier — in  July. 

Although  neither  Brown's  lily  nor  L.  myri- 
ophyllum has  the  purity  of  the  species  best 
known  as  Easter  lily  (L.  longiflorum),  the  last- 
named  is  less  to  be  preferred  in  the  colder  gar- 
den zone.  It  is  hardy  enough  to  have  endured 
the  winter  so  far  north  as  Ottawa ;  but,  unless 


22  LILIES 

given  unusual  care,  responds  indifferently  and 
must  be  renewed  with  frequency.  The  type, 
from  Japan,  is  the  best  for  planting  out  in  the 
North;  bulbs  from  Bermuda  (L.  Harrisii) 
might  prove  too  tender.  The  variety  Wilsoni 
is  a  fine  one. 

For  a  rather  pale  yellow  color  nothing  is  bet- 
ter than  the  Caucasian  lily  (L.  monadelphum) . 
The  yellow  is  slightly  tinged  with  purple  and 
the  anthers  are  a  rich  orange.  It  blooms  in 
July  and  the  stalks  may  run  up  as  high  as  six 
feet.  The  variety  Szovitzianum,  sometimes 
called  L.  Szovitzianum,  is  straw  color,  spotted 
with  black  and  has  brown  anthers.  It  is  rather 
to  be  preferred  to  the  type,  but  either  makes  a 
fine  display. 

The  littlest  of  all,  the  coral  lily  (L.  tenuifo- 
lium),  is  far  too  charming  to  have  its  present 
slight  recognition.  Coming  as  it  does  from  Si- 
beria and  northern  China,  it  is  quite  at  home 
in  gardens  where  the  winter  is  severe;  but,  as 
it  is  a  fairy  among  lilies,  it  is  apt  to  be  choked 
to  death  by  neighboring  giants.  While  it  has  a 
way  of  being  at  its  best  in  its  fourth  year  and 
then  perishing,  it  is  readily  renewed  by  seed. 
The  coral  lily's  little  waxen,  and  strongly  re- 
curved, bells  are  deep  scarlet  and  with  from  six 


LILIES  FOE  NOETHEEN  GAEDENS     23 

to  ten  of  them  on  a  stalk  the  contrast  with  the 
dark  green  foliage  is  charming.  The  average 
height  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half  and  the  blos- 
soms appear  in  June  and  July.  The  variety 
pumilum  is  taller  and  stouter  and  there  is  a 
very  beautiful  clear  apricot  kind  called  Golden 
Gleam. 

Here  then  are  no  less  than  twenty-eight  lily 
species  and  two  hybrids,  with  a  great  many 
varieties  more  or  less  distinctive,  from  which  to 
choose  without  going  outside  of  the  range  of 
hardy  garden  safety.  Surely  it  is  a  generous 
enough  list  in  point  of  numbers  and  it  draws 
upon  all  the  five  important  sub-genera,  save  only 
the  heart-leaved  lilies. 


CHAPTER  V 

TENDER  AND   CAPKICIOUS  LILIES 

FORTUNATE  indeed  are  the  gardens  that  may 
open  their  gates  to  all  the  lilies.  Such  there 
are,  lingering  somewhere  between  northern  and 
sub-tropical  climes — with  winters  not  too  cold, 
nor  yet  too  hot.  For  them  are  the  glorious 
company  of  the  tender  and  capricious  lilies — 
those  that  will  live  in  northern  gardens  only  at 
the  expense  of  overmuch  coddling,  if  at  all. 

In  this  class,  reluctantly,  is  placed  the  won- 
derful giant  lily  of  the  Himalayas  (L.  gigan- 
teum).  This  is  a  hardy  lily  and  in  some  parts 
of  England  has  been  naturalized  in  woods ;  but 
it  is  not  quite  hardy  enough  to  stand  a  very  cold 
winter  without  an  uncommon  amount  of  protec- 
tion. Even  then  there  is  a  vast  difference  be- 
tween merely  blooming  and  attaining  to  perfec- 
tion— which  means  throwing  up  a  stalk  ten  to 
fourteen  feet  tall,  with  very  fine  heart-shaped 
foliage  and  crowned  in  July  and  August  with 
from  a  dozen  to  a  score  of  trumpet-shaped  blos- 

24 


rTENDEB  AND  CAPEICIOUS  LILIES     25 

soms,  nine  inches  long  and  five  inches  wide 
across  the  mouth.  These  blossoms  pass  as 
white,  but  actually  they  are  tinged  with  purple 
inside  and  green  outside.  In  the  evening  air 
their  fragrance,  though  powerful,  is  very  de- 
lightful. The  heart-leaved  lily  (L.  cordifolium) 
is  a  similar,  but  smaller  and  generally  inferior, 
Japanese  species  of  like  tenderness  and  bloom- 
ing about  a  month  later.  The  variety  Giehnii 
is  the  hardiest  form  of  it. 

It  is  no  less  trying  to  put  the  only  two  clear 
pink  lilies  into  the  tender  class ;  but  they,  too, 
do  not  quite  belong  outside  of  it.  These  are 
Kramer's  lily  (L.  japonicum)  and  the  reddish 
lily  (L.  rubellum),  both  Japanese  species  and 
with  such  points  of  resemblance  that  the  latter 
has  been  thought  by  some  to  be  a  smaller  form 
of  the  other.  They  differ  also  in  the  point  that 
L.  rubellum  has  less  open  blossoms,  broader 
leaves  and  shorter  stems.  Both  are  among  the 
loveliest  of  lilies,  their  rose  color  and  general 
refinement  being  hard  to  match.  Kramer's  lily 
is  sometimes  sold  as  L.  Krameri.  The  very 
choice  whitish  variety,  Alexandrae,  is  not  hardy 
also ;  another  variety,  Colchesterense,  which  re- 
sembles L.  Brownii,  is  rather  more  so.  In  mild 
parts  of  England  L.  rubellum  is  fairly  hardy 


26  LILIES 

and  on  the  whole  is  more  reliable  outdoors  than 
Kramer's  lily.  It  is  one  of  the  earliest  of  lilies, 
May  and  June.  Kramer's  lily  follows  in  July 
and  August. 

While  Henry's  lily  (L.  Henryi)  is  called  a 
hardy  and  vigorous  border  subject,  it  is  difficult 
when  it  has  to  contend  with  extremely  cold 
weather  conditions.  Still  it  well  deserves  its 
place  among  the  preferred  lilies  for  American 
gardens  and  the  hope  is  that  in  them  it  will 
eventually  attain  to  the  superb  luxuriance  of 
bloom  and  foliage  that  it  displays  in  England. 
There,  where  it  rarely  fails,  it  has  been  known 
to  run  up  to  twelve  feet  in  height  and  to  bear 
as  many  as  thirty  of  its  deep  salmon  orange 
blossoms  on  a  stalk.  It  used  to  be  called  the 
yellow  speciosum,  as  it  is  quite  like  L.  speciosum 
in  both  form  and  habit.  The  blooming  season 
is  the  same — July  and  August. 

Several  of  the  American  lilies  are  either 
rather  tender  or  capricious,  or  both.  These 
include,  unfortunately,  three  of  the  finest  of  the 
lot,  the  Washington  lily  (L.  W  ashing  tonianum), 
Humboldt's  lily  (L.  Humboldtii)  and  Parry's 
lily  (L.  Parryi).  The  Washington  lily,  which 
flowers  in  June,  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best 
of  western  lilies  for  eastern  gardens ;  but  it  is 


TENDER  AND  CAPRICIOUS  LILIES     27 

nevertheless  somewhat  difficult  of  culture,  even 
in  England.  It  is  a  wood  lily,  from  three  to 
five  feet  tall,  and  the  white  funnel-shaped  blos- 
soms are  tinged  with  pink  or  red  and  dotted 
with  purple.  A  smaller  variety,  rubescens,  is 
white  changing  to  pink  and  the  variety  pur- 
pureum  is  a  distinct  pinkish  lilac  kind  from  the 
Siskiyou  mountains.  These  varieties  perhaps 
account  for  the  confusing  color  descriptions  of 
this  lily.  Humboldt's  lily,  a  tall  reddish  yel- 
low species  spotted  with  maroon  and  blooming 
in  June  and  July,  resembles  L.  superbum,  but 
is  showier.  It  is  in  the  capricious  class. 
Parry's  lily  (L.  Parryi)  grows  readily  in  gar- 
dens and  comes  into  bloom  at  the  same  time, 
but  is  not  very  strong  in  cultivation.  The 
citron  hue,  shaded  with  light  brown  on  the  inner 
bases,  and  the  brown  anthers,  make  it  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  yellow  lilies.  Of  the 
others,  the  wood  lily  (L.  philadelphicum) , 
though  perfectly  hardy,  needs  coddling  in  the 
garden  to  keep  it  there.  Where  it  can  be  made 
to  stay,  it  is  a  handsome  little  lily,  erect  and 
with  scarlet  blossoms,  the  yellow  center  being 
dotted  with  maroon.  The  season  is  July  and 
August.  Its  near  relative,  the  southern  red 
lily  (L.  Catesbaei)  is  quite  similar  and  blooms 


28  LILIES 

in  July.  It  is  tender  and  therefore  rather  un- 
reliable in  northern  gardens.  Kellogg 's  lily 
(L.  Kelloggii),  pinkish  purple  with  maroon 
spots  and  somewhat  resembling  the  purple 
Martagon  lily;  the  coast  lily  (L.  maritimum), 
a  slender  species  with  reddish  orange  blossoms 
spotted  with  purple,  and  the  little  lily  L.  par- 
vum,  light  orange  tipped  with  red,  are  a  trio 
of  quite  delicate  California  lilies. 

All  of  the  very  beautiful  lilies  of  India  and 
Burmah  are  so  sadly  tender  that  when  any  of 
them  has  been  made  to  bloom  well  in  gardens 
it  has  been  in  such  mild  parts  of  England  as 
Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  The  Nepaul  lily  (L. 
nepalense),  has  flowered  in  such  circumstances. 
This  is  a  large  lily,  greenish  yellow  with  a  deep 
purple  base.  The  Neilgherry  lily  (L.  neilgher- 
rense)  is  more  funnel-shaped  in  form,  but  pale 
yellow.  Both  bloom  in  September,  making 
them  doubly  unsafe  in  cold  climates.  The  sul- 
phur lily  (L.  sulphur eum)  is  another  September 
lily,  and  fairly  hardy  for  its  class.  The  trum- 
pet-shaped blossoms  are  creamy  white,  suffused 
with  yellow  inside  and  tinged  with  red  outside. 
It  is  comparatively  easily  in  cultivation.  Of 
the  same  form,  but  a  soft  primrose  yellow  color, 
is  L.  primulinum.  Low's  lily  (L.  Lowii)  is  a 


L.  sulphur eum — the  sulphur  lily 


TENDER  AND  CAPRICIOUS  LILIES     29 

handsome  bell-shaped  species,  white  spotted 
with  purple,  that  blooms  in  September.  Wal- 
lich's  lily  (L.  Wattichianum) ,  white  tinged  with 
green  and  funnel-shaped,  is  a  July  lily  that  is 
very  difficult  as  well  as  very  tender.  The  west- 
ern Himalayan  species,  L.  polyphyllum,  green- 
ish yellow  tinged  inside  with  purple  and  turban- 
shaped,  and  the  Philippine  form  of  L. 
longiflorum  (L.  philippinense) ,  are  in  the  same 
class.  With  heavy  protection,  L.  philippinense 
has  been  wintered  successfully  in  Ohio. 

Of  the  other  species  the  oat-scale  lily  (L. 
avenaceum),  a  red  Japanese  kind  similar  to 
L.  tenui folium,  is  delicately  constituted.  The 
similar  orange  red  L.  medeoloides  and  the  scar- 
let L.  callosum,  as  well  as  Leichtlin's  lily  (L. 
Leichtlini),  pale  yellow  with  purple  spots,  are 
three  more  Japanese  species  that  are  not  easily 
cultivated. 


CHAPTER  VI 

PLANTING  FOR  THE  BEST  EFFECTS 

NOWHERE  in  the  garden  can  lilies  be  said  to 
be  out  of  place ;  the  worst  of  circumstances  will 
not  close  the  eye  to  their  beauty.  There  is, 
nevertheless,  all  the  difference  in  the  world,  so 
far  as  effect  is  concerned,  between  the  proper 
and  the  improper  planting  of  lilies. 

The  ideal  way  to  plant  lilies  would  be  in  a 
lily  garden.  The  lines  from  "Troilus  and 
Cressida," 

' '  Give  me  swift  transportance  to  those  fields. 
"Where  I  may  wallow  in  the  Lily  beds, ' ' 

suggest  such  a  place  apart.  Who  would  not 
like  to  wallow,  mentally  and  sentimentally,  in 
a  garden  full  of  lilies  1  To  come  down  to  earth, 
E.  W.  Wallace,  the  English  lily  expert,  makes 
this  practical  suggestion:  "An  ideal  spot  for 
lilies  would  be  an  open  forest  glade  with  a  small 
stream  running  through  it,  near  the  banks  of 
which  the  North  American  peat-  and  moisture- 
loving  lilies  would  flourish;  and  higher  up, 

30 


PLANTING  FOB  BEST  EFFECTS  31 

away  from  the  water,  clumps  of  auratum, 
Washingtonianum,  Humboldtii,  giganteum,  and 
all  our  finest  species,  would  readily  grow." 
Many  a  country  place,  both  large  and  small, 
has  a  spot  approximating  these  conditions — 
thus  easily  convertible  into  a  naturalistic  lily 
garden.  And  there  is  no  reason  in  the  world, 
other  than  the  negligible  botanical  one,  why  the 
planting  should  be  confined  to  members  of  the 
Lilium  genus.  Some  of  the  so-called  lilies,  not 
a  few  of  which  belong  to  the  lily  family,  might 
be  used  for  seasonal  effects. 

But  whether  one  has  the  space  for  a  lily  gar- 
den, and  the  time  and  disposition  to  maintain 
it,  or  whether  it  is  a  matter  of  a  species  or  two 
in  ordinary  dooryard  conditions,  there  is  a 
prime  rule  that  should  not  be  broken.  A  lily's 
beauty  does  not  consist  wholly  in  color;  there 
is  beauty  of  form,  both  in  the  blossoms  and  in 
the  plant  as  a  whole.  Unless  it  is  properly 
placed,  the  full  of  esthetic  delight  is  therefore 
not  experienced.  If  a  lily's  normal  habit  is 
dignified  and  stately,  it  must  be  set  forth  in  all 
its  dignity  and  stateliness  to  be  at  its  best;  if 
graceful,  in  all  its  gracefulness ;  if  rather  stiffly 
dwarfish,  in  its  rather  stiff  dwarfishness,  and 
so  on. 


32  LILIES 

Nature,  as  in  so  much  else  that  concerns  the 
disposition  of  plants  in  the  garden,  is  the  best 
guide.  For  example,  when  lilies  grow  naturally 
they  rise  from  herbage  or  low  shrubbery. 
There  is  never  any  overcrowding;  the  stalks 
have  room  to  bend  more  or  less  to  the  breeze 
and  not  a  trumpet  or  bell  that  does  not  stand 
out  with  individual  prominence.  You  see  in 
short,  the  lily  in  all  its  glory.  There  is,  accord- 
ingly, no  more  effective  way  to  plant  lilies  than 
among  shrubs  or,  in  the  case  of  the  dwarf  spe- 
cies, in  a  low  shrubbery  foreground.  More- 
over, this  plan  kills  two  birds  with  one  stone, 
as  some  lilies  require,  and  all  prefer,  not  to  rise 
from  bare  ground  and  also  to  be  protected  from 
spring  frosts. 

Inasmuch  as  some  of  the  lilies  are  particu- 
larly fond  of  peat  too,  the  rhododendron  bed, 
or  a  planting  of  any  of  the  broad-leaved  ever- 
green shrubs,  is  one  of  the  best  of  places. 
Natural  conditions  are  approximated  and  at  the 
same  time  admirable  use  is  made  of  unemployed 
ground  space,  and  lilies  that  prefer  not  to  be 
disturbed  may  follow  their  own  sweet  will.  Of 
course,  the  shrubbery  must  not  be  too  thickly 
set ;  that  would  crowd  out  the  lilies.  Such  tall- 
growing  species  as  the  swamp  lily  (L.  super- 


PLANTING  FOE  BEST  EFFECTS  33 

bum),  Hanson's  lily  (L.  Hansoni),  the  Canada 
lily  (L.  canadense)  and  Henry's  lily  (L. 
Henryi)  are  seen  to  the  very  best  garden  ad- 
vantage when  planted,  in  naturalistic  groups, 
among  rhododendrons.  The  gold-banded  lily 
(L.  auratum)  and  the  madonna  lily  (L.  candi- 
dum)  are  quite  as  fine  in  their  less  colorful  and 
less  looming  way,  while  in  the  foreground  the 
Thunbergian  lily  (L.  elegans)  and  other  dwarf 
erect  species,  as  well  as  the  dainty  coral  lily 
(L.  tenuifolium),  may  be  used  to  decided  ad- 
vantage with  ferns  or  other  low  growth. 

Shrubbery  may  also  be  employed  with  excel- 
lent effect  as  the  background  of  lilies  and  when 
it  also  breaks  the  force  of  strong  winds  so  much 
the  better.  The  taller  lilies  mentioned  all  look 
well  against  high  shrubbery.  To  them  may  be 
added  the  Caucasian  lily  (L.  monadelphum) , 
the  panther  lily  (L.  pardalinum)  and  the  pur- 
ple and  white  Martagon  lilies  (L.  Martagon). 
Where  the  background  is  lower  the  scarlet  Mar- 
tagon lily  (L.  chalcedonicum) ,  Brown's  lily  (L. 
Brownii),  the  orange  lily  (L.  croceum)  and 
Batemann's  lily  (L.  elegans  Batemanniae)  are 
admirably  placed,  or  a  dwarf  foreground  may 
be  made  with  the  red  star  lily  (L.  concolor)  or 
L.  elegans  Orange  Queen.  In  all  cases  the  lilies 


34  LILIES 

will  be  better,  and  look  more  at  home,  if  there 
is  an  evergreen  herbaceous  ground  cover,  low 
or  tall  according  to  the  flowering  height  of  the 
dominant  figures. 

Lilies  really  require  an  appropriate  back- 
ground. A  few,  such  as  the  madonna  and 
Henry's  lilies,  are  very,  very  beautiful  stand- 
ing out  against  a  clear  blue  sky ;  but,  generally 
speaking,  green,  and  plenty  of  it,  is  the  best 
setting,  especially  for  the  white,  whitish,  pink 
and  pale  yellow  lilies.  So,  in  massing  in  the 
border  of  hardy  perennials,  care  should  be 
taken  that  something  appropriate  rises  higher 
behind  them.  This  is  no  drawback  when  it 
shuts  off  some  of  the  sun,  for  most  lilies  will 
stand  a  little  shade  and  there  are  those  that 
refuse  to  thrive  well  without  it.  Such  massing 
is  the  most  effective  way  of  planting  lilies  where 
naturalistic  methods  are  out  of  the  question 
and  here  there  may  be  a  little  more  crowding. 
The  more  irregular  the  planting  the  more  ef- 
fective, save  in  purely  formal  designs — for 
which  lilies  are  not  often  suitable.  Any  lily 
that  will  survive  the  garden  winter  is  excellent 
for  this  purpose — all  of  those  already  spoken 
of  in  this  chapter  and  the  Nankeen  lily  (L.  tes- 
taceum),  the  turban  lily  (L.  pomponium),  the 


PLANTING  FOE  BEST  EFFECTS  35 

tiger  lily  (L.  tigrinum)  and  the  bulb-bearing 
lily  (L.  "bulbiferum)  as  well.  For  purity  the 
madonna  lily  stands  alone,  though  L.  Martagon 
album  is  very  fine  for  a  less  chaste  white,  while 
for  color  the  Nankeen,  speciosum,  gold-banded, 
Martagon,  Hanson's,  Henry's,  turban  and  all 
of  the  hardier  erect  lilies,  are  always  very 
useful. 

The  most  beautiful  formal  employment  of 
lilies  is  to  line  a  path,  on  one  or  both  sides. 
For  such  planting  nothing  is  better  than  the 
madonna  lily,  in  a  solid  phalanx  of  purity. 
Where  a  pergola  is  not  densely  shaded  from 
above,  the  path  may  be  lined  on  either  side  with 
this  lily;  that  has  been  done,  with  most  en- 
chanting effect.  The  soft  apricot  Nankeen  lily 
lends  itself  to  the  same  purpose.  A  path  in 
sparse  woodland,  or  through  shrubbery,  may 
be  lined  with  either  Brown's  or  the  speciosum 
lily,  or  L.  longiflorum  if  more  pains  be  taken, 
but  in  this  case  the  planting  must  be  thinner 
and  altogether  irregular.  There  these  lilies 
will  incline  gracefully  toward  the  path,  instead 
of  assuming  the  erectness  that  they  have  in  the 
open  garden. 

One  lily  leaf,  at  least,  may  be  taken  from  the 
cottage  gardens.  In  them  a  self-arranged 


36  LILIES 

clump  now  and  then  nestles  up  to  the  house  by 
the  side  of  the  door  and  seems  to  belong  to  the 
home,  as  it  does.  This  is  a  good  way  to  plant 
the  madonna,  tiger,  Nankeen  and  orange  lilies, 
which  thus  placed  will  frequently  take  care  of 
themselves  for  years.  They  need  not  be  staked ; 
in  fact  wherever  this  can  be  avoided  in  the  gar- 
den it  should  be  done.  A  lily  tied  to  a  stake 
can  never  be  quite  its  natural  self. 

The  out  and  out  naturalization  of  lilies  is 
more  delightful  to  think  about  than  easy  to 
accomplish,  because  to  most  are  denied  the  right 
conditions.  Where  these  do  obtain,  it  is  far 
preferable  to  use  lilies  this  way  than  in  even 
a  naturalistic  garden.  The  swamp  and  Canada 
lilies  it  is  cruel  to  place  in  a  garden  when  they 
may  be  introduced  to  one's  own  bit  of  wild. 
Both  are  good  subjects;  so  is  the  wood  lily  (L. 
philadelphicum) ,  which  does  not  take  very 
kindly  to  cultivation. 

For  the  rock  garden  any  lily  may  be  used, 
as  the  taller  ones  can  be  planted  in  recesses  on 
the  ground  level  and  given  the  requisite  setting. 
The  dwarf,  erect  kinds,  however,  are  to  be  pre- 
ferred. For  cool  pockets  the  red  star  lily  is 
a  good  subject.  Very  likely  the  reddish  lily  (L. 
rubellum)  and  the  coast  lily  (L.  maritimum) 


L.  tigrinum — the  tiger  lily 


PLANTING  FOE  BEST  EFFECTS  37 

would  be  more  amenable  to  culture  in  rock  gar- 
den pockets  than  in  other  conditions. 

Each  lily  species  shows  off  to  better  advan- 
tage by  itself.  If  mixing  is  done,  it  is  wiser  to 
place  varieties  together;  the  purple  and  white 
Martagon  lilies,  for  example.  Though  a  com- 
mon enough  practice,  it  is  also  a  wiser  plan 
not  to  mix  lilies  with  other  flowers.  This  as  a 
rule;  no  one  could  possibly  take  exception  to 
the  garden  juxtaposition  of  the  madonna  lily 
and  tall  blue  larkspur  or  the  swamp  lily  and 
black  cohosh  (Cimicifuga  racemosa),  and  the 
low  erect  yellow,  orange  and  red  lilies  may  be 
used  in  a  few  combinations.  The  point  is,  as 
with  entirely  segregated  planting,  that  there 
shall  be  neither  detracting  nor  distracting  in- 
fluence. 

Finally,  unless  one  is  collecting,  the  planting 
of  many  lilies  of  one  or  a  few  kinds,  rather  than 
a  few  lilies  of  many  kinds,  is  to  be  strongly 
advised.  In  the  first  place,  all  lilies  are  not  for 
all  gardens.  The  selection  in  the  average-  in- 
stance must  narrow  down  to  the  most  suitable 
kinds  for  individual  conditions  and  of  these  a 
small  choice  should  be  made.  Better  two  or 
three  kinds  in  perfection  than  ten,  times  as 
many  in  both  imperfection  and  ineffectiveness. 


CHAPTEE  VII 

ESSENTIAL   CULTUEAL  POINTS 

A  FEW  of  the  lilies  have  become  so  domesti- 
cated that  they  will  do  well  in  any  ordinarily 
good  garden  conditions;  the  tiger  lily  even  re- 
fuses to  let  grass  choke  it  to  death.  But  most 
of  them  are  not  sufficiently  remote  from  the 
wild  to  make  it  safe  to  deny  them  an  approach 
to  what  they  have  been  accustomed  to  in  life, 
and  there  is  not  one  that  does  not  thrive  better 
if  its  particular  likes  are  catered  to. 

It  goes  without  saying,  therefore,  that  the 
culture  of  lilies  should  begin  before  the  buying 
of  the  bulbs,  so  to  speak.  Their  hardiness, 
their  ease  of  culture,  their  soil  preference  and 
their  shelter  and  shade  requirements  having 
been  thoroughly  digested,  a  straight  start  is 
easily  made. 

Soil  preference  is  of  the  greatest  importance 
and,  fortunately,  it  is  possible,  with  a  little 
care,  to  supply  almost  any  local  deficiency. 
[The  majority  of  lilies  grow  naturally  in  very, 

38 


ESSENTIAL  CULTURAL  POINTS    39 

good  soil.  It  is  usually  rich  in  peat  or  veg- 
etable mold,  there  is  generous  depth  and  though 
the  degree  of  moisture  required  varies,  this  is 
tolerably  uniform  as  to  any  species  in  the  grow- 
ing season.  Garden  loam,  lightened  with  sand 
if  too  heavy  and  mixed  with  peat  or  leaf-mold, 
makes  a  good  soil  for  lilies.  Manure  should 
not  be  used  unless  it  is  extremely  well  rotted. 
The  better  way  is  to  employ  it  as  a  top  dressing 
and  trust  to  the  rain  to  do  the  mixing.  No  lily 
tolerates  fresh  manure  next  to  the  bulb.  Spad- 
ing should  be  to  a  depth  of  at  least  three  feet, 
and  deeper  still  where,  in  chalk  or  clay  condi- 
tions, it  is  necessary  to  excavate  a  trench  and 
fill  it  with  entirely  new  soil. 

Partial  shade  from  the  sun,  which  scorches 
L.  Hansoni  and  L.  Henryi,  and  partial  shelter 
from  winds,  are  urgent  demands  of  some  of  the 
lilies.  To  others  they  are  grateful,  but  not 
necessary.  Shade  must  not  shut  off  light  and 
air,  however,  and  while  the  branches  of  trees 
may  overhang  the  planting,  care  must  be  taken 
that  the  tree  roots  do  not  absorb  all  the  lily 
food  from  the  soil.  Where  this  danger  may  not 
be  dodged,  lilies  can  be  planted  in  a  tub  of  soil 
sunk  in  the  ground.  As  for  moisture,  all  lilies 
need  it  when  growing.  Few  of  them  stand 


40  LILIES 

drought  well  and  if  once  given  a  serious  set- 
back by  it  the  bulbs  rarely  recover. 

It  is  impossible  to  make  a  hard-and-fast  plant- 
ing rule  in  all  these  matters,  for  the  reason  that 
lilies  have  a  way  of  following  their  own  devices. 
In  one  garden  a  species  will  sometimes  adapt 
itself  to  circumstances  with  the  best  of  grace 
whereas  in  another  it  refuses  to  be  comforted 
unless  humored.  For  this  reason  lily  cultural 
observations  vary  quite  widely  and  now  and 
then  are  absolutely  contradictory.  The  only 
real  solution  is  for  each  grower  to  create  his 
own  experience  and  then  forget  that  of  others. 
As  an  approximate  guide  in  the  making  of  such 
experience  the  following  differentiations  of  the 
hardiest  lilies  may  be  used. 

CULTURAL   CHARACTERISTICS 

Thrive  in  good  light  garden  loam  and  in  full 
sun.  All  are  the  better  for  some  peat  or  leaf- 
mold  in  the  soil  and  can  stand  partial  shade.  A 
ground  cover  is  preferable,  but  not  necessary; 
L.  candidum  makes  its  own.  These  are  the 
easiest  lilies  to  grow. 

bulliferum  carniolicum 

canadense  chalcedonicum 

candidum  concolor 


ESSENTIAL  CULTURAL  POINTS     41 

croceum  Martagon 

dauricum  pomponium 

telegans  pyrenaicum 

Hansoni  speciosum 

Jankae  tenuifolium 

longiflorum  testaceum 

Marhan  tigrinum 

May  be  grown  in  ordinary  garden  conditions, 
but  are  best  off  in  soil  with  plenty  of  peat  and 
leaf-mold,  and  should  be  planted  out  among 
shrubs  where  their  roots  can  be  shaded  and  a 
fair  degree  of  moisture  maintained. 

auratum  monadelphum 

Brownii  myriophyllum 

columbianum 

Prefer  shade,  moisture  and  shelter  from 
wind,  with  plenty  of  peat  or  leaf-mold  in  the 
soil  and  a  well-drained  root-run. 

Burlanki  Grayv 

carolinianum  pardalmu/m; 

superbum 

The  rule  to  plant  lily  bulbs  three  times  their 
depth  is  not  to  be  taken  literally.  The  two  lilies 
in  the  heart-leaved  group  are  planted  with  the 
top  of  the  bulb  about  on  a  level  with  the  surface 
of  the  ground.  With  these  exceptions,  the 


42  LILIES 

3epth  of  soil  above  the  top  of  the  bulb  should 
be  from  three  to  seven  inches.  The  normal 
size  of  the  bulb — some  are  quite  small — and  the 
vigor  of  the  species  are  determining  factors. 
But  there  is  a  -third  highly  important  point  to 
bear  in  mind.  Some  lilies  root  from  the  base 
of  the  bulb  only,  while  others  throw  out  later 
a  second  set  of  roots  from  the  stem  a  little  way 
above  <the  bulb.  As  the  stem-roots  are  vital  ele- 
ments in  the  production  of  perfect  bloom,  the 
stem-rooting  lilies  must  be  planted  deep  enough 
to  avoid  exposure  of  this  second  set.  It  is  diffi- 
cult to  draw  a  precise  line  between  the  two 
classes,  but  a  fair  division,  with  the  inches  of 
soil  above  the  bulb,  is  as  follows : 

LILIES  WITH   STEM-BOOTS 

auratum*  (6  to  8)  japonicum  (3  to  4), 

Brmvnii  (5  to  6)  LeiMlini  (3  to  4) 

l)ulbiferum  (5  to  6)  longiflorum  (5  to  6); 

concolor  (3  to  4)'  neilgherrense  (5  to  6). 

croceum  (5  to  6)  nepalense  (5  to  6) 

dauricum  '(5  to  6)"  rubellum  (3  to  4) 

elegans  (3  to  4)  sulphur eum  (5  to  6) 

Hansoni  (5  to  6)1  tigrinum 2  (5  to  6> 
Henryi  (6  to  8) 

1  In  cold,  wet  soil  not  so  deep. 

2  Plant  mammoth  bulbs  6  to  8  inches. 


ESSENTIAL  CULTURAL  POINTS     43 

LILIES    WITH    NO    STEM-ROOTS,    OR   FEW 

canadense  (3)  pardalinum  (4) 

candidum  (4)  Parryi  (3) 

carniolicum  (4)  parvum  (3) 

chalcedonicum  (4)  philadelphicum  (3) 

columbianum  (3)  pomponium  (3) 

cordifolium  (none)  pyrenaicum  (4) 

giganteum  (none)  superbum  (4) 

6rra?/&  (3)  tenui folium  (3) 

Humboldtii  (4)  testaceum  (4) 

Martagon  (4)  Washingtonianum  (3) 
monadelphum  (4) 

The  madonna  lily  should  be  planted  in  Au- 
gust, as  it  puts  out  a  new  growth  of  foliage  in 
the  early  autumn.  The  scarlet  Martagon  lily 
makes  an  early  root  growth  and  therefore  ought 
to  be  in  the  ground  by  the  middle  of  October. 
Aside  from  these  two  species,  lilies  may  be 
planted  in  the  autumn  any  time  before  the 
ground  freezes.  Not  infrequently  it  is  difficult 
to  get  imported  bulbs  in  season  to  do  that;  in 
such  an  event,  the  ground  may  be  prepared  and 
kept  from  freezing  by  means  of  a  heavy  tem- 
porary covering  of  manure.  Then  the  bulbs 
can  be  planted  as  late  as  December.  A  few  of 
the  lilies  will  do  well  if  bulbs  carried  through 
the  winter  in  cold  storage  are  planted  in  April 


44  LILIES 

or  May;  but  spring  planting  at  best  is  a  poor 
second  choice — no  matter  how  great  the  care, 
the  bulbs  are  apt  to  be  shriveled. 

Plumpness  is  very  important  to  the  strength 
of  lily  bulbs.  As  some  of  them  will  shrivel  if 
allowed  to  dry  for  only  a  day  or  so,  it  is  best 
to  plant  them  at  once.  If  they  are  slightly 
shriveled  when  received,  they  can  be  plumped 
by  laying  them  on  moist  cocoanut  fiber  in  a 
cool  place  for  a  few  days.  Bulbs  that  show 
signs  of  a  little  decay  or  mold,  may  be  disin- 
fected by  sprinkling  a  little  powered  charcoal 
or  sulphur  over  them;  but  if  badly  off  in  this 
respect,  or  much  shriveled,  they  would  better  be 
thrown  away.  The  bulb  scales  protect  the  germ 
and  must  be  in  at  least  fair  condition. 

It  is  always  a  good  plan  to  dust  lily  bulbs  with 
powdered  sulphur,  letting  it  get  under  the  scales, 
before  planting;  this  to  prevent  fungous  dis- 
ease. Excepting  in  extremely  light  soil,  it  is 
also  a  good  plan  to  put  a  little  sand  under  and 
all  around  the  bulb.  A  little  peat  under  the 
bulb  promotes  root  growth  and  in  the  case  of 
the  Nankeen  lily  a  couple  of  inches  of  fresh 
sphagnum  has  been  tried  with  success. 

If  the  lily  bed  is  not  protected  by  growing 
shrubs,  there  should  be  provision  made  against 


ESSENTIAL  CULTURAL  POINTS     45 

the  spring  frosts;  the  young  shoots  are  often 
very  susceptible  to  frost,  and  injury  of  this 
sort  is  an  unsuspected  cause  of  failure. 
Branches  of  any  evergreen  are  the  safest  pro- 
tection, but  even  bare  boughs  will  break  the 
force  of  the  frost. 

Some  lilies  are  a  bit  tricky  in  one  particular ; 
they  may  decide  to  take  a  rest  for  a  year  and 
then,  when  you  have  set  them  down  as  "gon- 
ers," fool  you  by  "bobbing  up  serenely." 
Again  certain  lilies  put  in  an  appearance  the 
first  spring,  but  either  give  unsatisfactory 
bloom  or  none  at  all.  Most  of  the  lilies  that 
root  only  from  the  base  of  the  bulb  establish 
themselves  so  slowly  that  they  are  rarely  at 
their  best  for  a  year,  and  occasionally  they  may 
be  two  or  three  years  getting  about  it.  Of  the 
Martagon  group,  L.  Hansoni  is  about  the  only 
one  that  can  be  relied  upon  to  bloom  well  the 
first  season.  The  no-hurry  kinds  further  in- 
clude L.  giganteum,  the  buds  of  which  should  be 
pinched  off  the  first  spring  if  any  do  appear, 
in  order  that  root-growth  may  be  encouraged; 
L.  monadelphum,  L.  Humboldtii  and  L.  parda- 
linum.  So  patience  with,  as  well  as  understand- 
ing of,  lilies  is  called  for. 

One  secret  of  the  success  of  the  madonna  and 


46  LILIES 

scarlet  Martagon  lily  in  cottage  gardens  is  the 
fact  that  usually  they  are  let  alone  for  years 
at  a  time.  These  resent  disturbance.  The 
same  thing  is  true  of  most  of  the  Martagon 
group,  including  L.  pardalinum. 

A  surface  mulch  of  manure  is  good  for 
lilies  and  the  ground  should  have  a  winter  cov- 
ering of  either  this  or  leaves,  unless  it  is 
well  blanketed  with  an  evergreen  herbaceous 
plant.  Very  frequently  lilies  perish  because 
they  have  insufficient  winter  protection  in  ex- 
posed places. 


X 

L.  Plansoni — Hanson's  lily 


CHAPTER  VIII 

LILIES   UNDER   GLASS 

THERE  are  three  reasons  for  growing  lilies 
under  glass — all  of  them  good.  In  the  first 
place  they  are  among  the  most  decorative  of 
indoor  plants.  Then  again  there  is  no  more 
valuable  cut  flower.  Finally,  by  this-means  only 
is  it  possible  to  grow  successfully  in  a  cold  cli- 
mate some  of  the  most  beautiful  species. 

The  ideal  indoor  planting  of  the  tender  In- 
dian, Burmese,  Himalayan,  Japanese  and  Phil- 
ippine species  is  in  a  bed  in  a  cool  greenhouse 
where,  among  ferns  and  other  plants,  they  may 
grow  in  a  close  approach  to  natural  conditions. 
That  is  the  Kew  plan  and  in  even  a  greenhouse 
of  quite  modest  proportions  it  is  possible  to 
adopt,  or  at  any  rate  adapt,  the  plan.  The  fol- 
lowing lilies  are  best  treated  this  way: 

cordifolium  neilgherrense 

giganteum  nepalense 

japonicum  philippinense 

Lowii  pplyphyllum 
47 


48  LILIES 

primulinum  sulphureum 

rubellum  Wallichianum 

All  of  these,  however,  are  prime  subjects  for 
pot  plants — with  the  exception  of  neilgherrense, 
whose  flower  spike  is  thrown  out  horizontally 
from  the  bulb  before  leaving  the  ground;  as  are 
also 

auratum  longiflorum 

Brownii  Marhan 

candidum  speciosum 

Hansoni  tigrinum 
Henryi 

The  following  are  also  good,  though  rather 
less  satisfactory  than  the  others : 

concolor  elegans 

croceum  tenuifolium 

dauricum  testaceum 

A  few  lilies  are  not  suitable  for  pot  culture, 
as  they  have  rhizotamous  or  creeping  bulbs. 
These  include : 

canadense  *  Parryi 1 

Leichtlini  superbum 1 

pardalinum 1 

Lilies  grown  in  pots  serve  two  purposes. 
They  can  be  used  indoors  or  they  may  be  the 

i  All  the  American  lilies  are  better  outdoors. 


LILIES  UNDER  GLASS  49 

means  of  advancing,  or  ekeing  out,  the  lily  sea- 
son outdoors.  Potted  lilies,  brought  into  flower 
under  glass,  are  extremely  convenient  to  place 
temporarily  in  bare  spots  in  the  shrubbery  or 
the  hardy  border,  where  the  pots  may  be  sunk 
in  the  ground,  or  to  brighten  up  the  piazza  or 
living-room.  The  most  serviceable  kinds  for 
such  disposition  are  L.  longiflorum,  L.  japoni- 
cum,  L.  auratum,  L.  speciosum  and  L.  candidum. 
The  best  compost  for  potting  lilies  consists 
of  two-thirds  fibrous  loam  and  one-third  fibrous 
peat  with  a  little  leaf-mold  and  sand.  This 
suits  almost  all  lilies.  For  the  madonna  lily 
a  small  amount  of  lime  rubbish  may  be  added 
and  L.  rubellum  will  do  well  in  stony,  sandy 
soil  if  the  drainage  is  perfect.  Pots  should  be 
roomy  and  for  stem-rooters  there  must  be  plenty 
of  depth.  These  are  planted  low  and  the  pots 
filled  up  with  a  somewhat  richer  compost  when 
the  stem-roots  appear.  In  the  case  of  L.  aura- 
tum and  L.  speciosum  this  top  dressing  should 
be  followed  by  an  application  of  weak  liquid 
manure.  After  planting,  the  pots  are  plunged 
in  a  bed  of  ashes  four  inches  deep  and  later 
transferred  to  the  greenhouse  or  a  coldframe. 
Potting  is  done  in  October  for  early  bloom  in- 
doors and  later  for  indoor  succession  or  for 


50  LILIES 

outside  use.  Bulbs  potted  for  outdoors  sKould 
be  kept  in  a  cool  place  but  safe  from  frost.  Dur- 
ing the  growing  and  blooming  season  a  great 
deal  of  water  is  required.  After  blooming  the 
watering  should  be  gradually  decreased  until 
the  stems  turn  yellow — when  the  bulbs  may  be 
repotted  and  kept  rather  dry  in  a  coldf rame  for 
use  the  following  winter.  If  L.  longiflorum  is 
wanted  early,  it  is  advisable  to  keep  it  in  a 
moist  atmosphere  and  well  watered  and  sy- 
ringed. 


CHAPEE  IX 

PEOPAGATION 

THERE  are  three  ways  of  propagating  lilies — 
by  seed,  by  scales  and  by  offsets.  Seed,  no 
doubt,  is  the  best  means  of  acclimatizing  some 
of  the  more  tender  and  capricious  species,  but 
only  a  lily  enthusiast  would  care  to  use  so  slow 
a  process  of  reproduction.  It  requires  about 
seven  years  for  L.  giganteum  to  bloom  from 
seed  and  the  other  species  take  their  own  time. 
A  few  of  the  lilies  produce  seed  very  freely, 
among  them  L.  Henryi,  L.  superbum,  L.  rubel- 
lum  and  L.  tenuifolium;  others  are  chary  of  it. 
Lily  seed  should  be  planted  in  a  sheltered  place, 
as  soon  as  well  ripened,  in  light,  moist  soil  and 
not  allowed  to  dry  out  until  the  second  year,  as 
germination  may  not  take  place  the  first  spring. 
Sow  seed  of  Martagon  lily,  L.  monadelphum,  L. 
dauricum,  L.  croceum,  L.  superbum  in  open 
ground  if  desired,  but  most  kinds  germinate 
better  in  pans  indoors.  The  young  bulbs  can 
be  transplanted  when  a  year  old  and  grown  on 

51 


52  LILIES 

until  large  enough  for  permanent  placing.  If 
seed  is  sown  broadcast  in  a  suitable  spot,  no 
transplanting  is  necessary. 

Scales  should  be  healthy  ones  from  the  out- 
side of  the  bulb,  which  is  not  injured  by  the 
careful  removal  of  a  few.  They  may  be  taken 
from  the  bulbs  as  soon  as  ripe  (L.  candidum  in 
August),  or  in  early  spring,  and  planted  in  the 
open  ground,  but  it  is  better  to  put  them  in 
pans  of  loose  soil  kept  fairly  moist.  They  form 
bulblets  the  first  season. 

Three  kinds  of  lily  offsets  are  produced — 
from  the  bulb,  from  the  lower  part  of  the  stalk 
and  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  the  last  are 
known  as  bulbils.  All  these  are  simply  planted 
in  the  open  ground,  or  in  pans  in  the  case  of 
L.  sulphureum,  and  allowed  to  grow  to  flower- 
ing size. 

Most  lilies  can  be  propagated  all  three  ways. 
Their  weak  response  is  to  attempts  at  hybridiza- 
tion. The  genus  is  very  unusual  in  the  stub- 
bornness with  which  it  resists  being  influenced 
by  foreign  pollen.  Seedlings  of  any  species,  if 
crossed,  are  very  apt  to  resemble  the  one  that 
bears  them.  The  result  is  that  there  are  com- 
paratively few  lilies  that  are  not  species  or  va- 
riants of  species.  The  natural  hybrid  L.  testa- 


PROPAGATION  53 

ceum  and  the  garden  hybrids  L.  Burbanlci,  L. 
Dalhansoni,  L.  Marhan  and  L.  Kewense  are 
notable  exceptions  and  doubtless  forerunners  of 
numerous  others.  Still,  with  so  many  beautiful 
species,  the  world  stands  in  no  particular  need 
of  more.  The  chief  advantage  of  hybridizing 
lilies  would  seem  to  be  to  couple  the  blood  of 
the  Indian  and  Burmese  species  with  hardiness. 


CHAPTER  X 

INSECT   PESTS   AND   DISEASES 

THEEB  kinds  of  lilies,  L.  longiflorum,  L.  speci- 
osum  and  L.  auratum,  are  subject  in  their  early 
stages  of  growth  to  onslaughts  of  the  green  fly 
(aphides).  These  insects  get  in  the  unfolding 
leaves  and  will  cause  imperfect  bloom  if  not 
checked.  They  are  particularly  trying  in  the 
case  of  L.  longiflorum,  which  has  denser  foliage 
than  the  others.  Immediate  fumigation  and 
more  of  the  same  thing  later  is  a  good  remedy ; 
or  syringing,  first  with  a  nicotine  solution  and 
then  with  tepid  water,  may  be  substituted. 

The  most  destructive  of  the  three  parasitic 
fungi  and  the  commonest  is  Botrytis  cinerea. 
This  shows  itself  in  brown,  or  brownish,  specks 
on  the  stems,  foliage  and  bads.  Eventually  it 
turns  into  a  soft  gray  mold ;  sometimes  into  lit- 
tle black  spots  that  become  imbedded  in  the 
scales. 

This  fungus,  which  is  very  trying  in  the  case 
of  L,  candidum  and  L.  testaceum  in  the  garden, 

04 


L.  auratum — the  gold-banded  lily 


INSECT  PESTS  55 

attacking  L.  auratum  as  well  if  in  the  full  sun, 
is  best  treated  by  Bordeaux  mixture  when  the 
trouble  is  above  ground.  Dissolve  one  pound 
of  sulphate  of  copper  in  a  wooden  tub  and  slake 
one  pound  of  fresh  quicklime  in  another  recep- 
tacle. When  slaked,  pour  the  quicklime  into  the 
sulphate  of  copper  solution  and  add  ten  gallons 
of  water.  Spray  gently  with  this  mixture  and 
repeat  the  operation  in  a  week.  Bulbs  that  are 
seriously  affected  would  better  be  destroyed. 
The  rust  known  as  Uromyces  Erythronii  causes 
discolored  patches.  As  the  bulbs  are  not  at- 
tacked, the  best  treatment  is  to  burn  the  dis- 
eased stems  and  thus  prevent  a  spread  of  the 
fungus.  The  third  fungus,  Rlnzopus  necans, 
gets  into  the  bulbs  through  injured  roots  and 
causes  them  to  rot. 


CHAPTEE  XI 

LILIES   AS   CUT   FLOWERS 

As  has  been  said  already,  lilies  are  among  the 
most  valuable  of  cut  flowers,  but — there  is  a 
great  big  but.  The  fact  is  that,  although  they 
are  invariably  beautiful,  some  of  them  have 
shockingly  bad  taste  in  the  matter  of  the  odor 
that  they  exhale.  These  must  be  barred  from 
the  house  altogether  and  there  are  others  that, 
though  classed  as  fragrant,  have  odors  so  over- 
powering that  they  must  needs  be  placed  near 
an  open  window  or  in  a  hall  where  there  is  a 
good  passage  of  air. 

The  most  agreeably  odorous  lily  in  the  house 
is  L.  longiflorum  and  its  fragrance  is  the  safest 
for  the  sick-room.  The  similar  fragrance  of  L. 
japonicum  Alexandras  and  L.  philippinense,  the 
delicate  and  distinctive  aroma  of  L.  neilgher- 
rense  and  the  restrained  scent  of  L.  speciosum, 
put  them  well  at  the  head  of  the  list ;  and  there 
is  the  delicious  perfume  of  L.  candidum,  that  is 
not  too  strong  unless  a  great  many  of  the  blos- 

56 


LILIES  AS  CUT  FLOWEES          57 

soms  are  in  a  closed  room.  Other  pleasantly 
fragrant  lilies  are  L.  giganteum,  L.  testaceum, 
L.  Brownii  leucanthum,  L.  rubellum,  L.  japoni- 
cum  Colchester  ens  e,  L.  sul'phureum,  L.  mona- 
'delphum,  L.  Kellogii  and  L.  Burbanki. 

Indoors  the  odor  of  L.  pomponium  is  scarcely 
bearable.  The  Martagon  lilies  are  not  much 
better;  L.  pyrenaicum  and  L.  monadelphum 
Szovitzianum  have  heavy  and  unpleasant  scents. 
The  odor  of  L.  auratum  is  less  disagreeable,  but 
is  too  rank  for  the  house  unless  in  a  very  airy 
place.  The  odor  of  L.  Parryi  and  L.  caro- 
linianum  is  similar,  but  not  so  overpowering  as 
the  others. 

Where  it  can  be  grown,  L.  japonicum  is  ad- 
mirable for  indoor  use ;  so  are  L.  tigrinum  and 
L.  canadense.  This  brings  the  safe  list  up  to 
large  enough  proportions. 

Lilies  should  be  cut  with  long  stalks,  as  other- 
wise it  is  impossible  to  arrange  them  effectively. 
Unless  the  stalks  curve  gracefully,  through 
growing  on  the  edge  of  shrubbery,  it  is  best  to 
use  a  vase  that  does  not  flare  much  at  the  top. 
Nor,  as  a  rule,  is  it  wise  to  employ  any  other 
flower  foliage  with  them.  Maidenhair  fern, 
however,  goes  well  with  L.  candidum  or  L.  testa- 
ceum and  a  good  gray  foliage,  such  as  lavender 


58  LILIES 

cotton  (Santolina  Chamcecyparissus) ,  with  the 
upright  orange  and  red  lilies. 

If  lilies  are  wanted  for  vases  in  the  house,  a 
very  sensible  plan  is  to  plant  a  reserve  stock 
for  cutting — say  in  rows  next  to  the  vegetable 
garden.  Some  of  the  more  tender  lilies  can  be 
grown  in  coldframes  and  the  glass  lifted  off 
about  the  end  of  May.  Such  pains  would  be 
well  worth  while  to  secure  bouquets  of  Kramer's 
lily  or  L.  rubellum. 


L.  longiflorum — the  Easter  lily 


CHAPTER  XII 

SPECIES,   VARIETIES   AND   HYBRIDS 

THIS  list  is  not  absolutely  complete;  but  it 
includes  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  important  sub- 
jects. Nor  does  it  pretend  to  be  absolutely  cor- 
rect in  either  a  botanical  or  a  horticultural 
sense.  When  botanists  do  not  altogether  agree 
on  species,  no  mere  layman  can  straighten  out 
the  matter  of  nomenclature  with  any  degree  of 
definiteness  or  finality.  As  for  the  vendors  of 
lilies,  they  also  differ  among  themselves  in  both 
botanical  and  horticultural  names.  After  all,  it 
matters  very  little  to  the  plain,  everyday  flower- 
lover  whether  the  exquisitely  beautiful  Kram- 
er's lily  is  L.  japonicum,  as  the  Kew  authori- 
ties maintain,  or  L.  Krameri,  as  others  quite  as 
stoutly  opine,  and  Batemann's  lily  displays  a 
no  less  glowing  apricot  hue  in  the  garden  as 
L.  elegans  Batemanniae  than  as  plainer  L. 
Batemanniae.  In  this  confused  state  of  things, 
no  doubt  some  actual  duplication  of  names  oc- 
curs. 

59 


60  LILIES 

So,  too,  the  descriptions  are  sometimes  ap- 
proximate, rather  than  strictly  accurate.  Ob- 
servers do  not  always  see  precisely  alike  and 
there  is  no  universal  standard  of  color  terms. 
Then  again,  various  conditions  may  alter  not 
only  the  color  shades  but  the  height  and  the 
period  of  bloom,  not  to  mention  throwing  the 
matter  of  culture  into  the  easy  or  difficult  class. 
Here,  as  well,  differences  of  opinion,  or  of  ob- 
servation, are  of  slight  consequence.  For  one 
thing,  no  lily  color  will  ever  prove  unsatisfying 
if  given  a  fair  chance  to  display  its  particular 
charm.  The  writer  found  the  Washington  lily 
at  Kew  fairly  describable  as  pink.  But  no  one, 
if  he  succeeds  in  growing  this  choice  American 
species  and  its  varieties  will  have  any  fault  to 
find  if  it  proves  to  be  "  white,  tinged  with  pink 
or  red  and  dotted  with  purple,"  or  " white,  pur- 
ple-spotted blooms  that  become  tinged  with  pur- 
ple after  expansion,"  or  " white,  with  purple 
tinge  on  back,"  or  " white,  shading  off  to  lilac." 

L.  Alexandrae  See  japonicum 

Alexandra's  lily  is  classed  by  Kew  as  a  va- 
riety of  L.  japonicum,  but  is  sometimes  called  a 
natural  Japanese  hybrid,  L.  auratum  x  L. 
longiflorum. 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBRIDS     61 

L.  angustifolium  See  pomponium. 

L.  aurantiacum  See  bulUferum. 

L.  auratum  Gold-banded  lily.1 

Japan.  Introduced  1862.  White,  spotted 
sparsely  with  reddish  brown  and  yellow  band 
down  each  petal ;  6  to  12  in.  across ;  3  to  30  on 
stalk.  July,  August.  4  to  8  ft. 

Quite  hardy,  but  prone  to  run  out.  Kenew 
stock  every  three  years  or  so.  Thrives  in  ordi- 
nary garden  soil,  but  prefers  moist  peat  or 
leaf -mold  and  sand,  with  good  drainage.  Does 
well  in  cool  woodland  or  thinly  planted  rho- 
dodendron bed;  better  still  among  alpine 
rhododendrons  and  low  azaleas  or  kalmias,  but 
must  not  be  crowded.  Protect  from  cold  spring 
winds  and  direct  rays  of  summer  sun.  Plant 
6  to  10  in.  deep.  Mulch  with  rotted  manure 
and  water  frequently.  In  bad  soil  dig  holes  4 
to  6  ft.  deep  and  fill  with  peat  and  sand,  or 
sandy  loam,  leaf -mold,  rubbish  ashes  and  some 
well-rotted  manure. 

yar.  cruentum — Same  as  rubro-vittatum. 
var.  macranthum — Less  spotted  and  more 

robust;  best  of  all. 

var.  pictum — Crimson  band  and  spots, 
var.  platyphyllum — Same  as  macranthum. 
var.  platyphyllum  virginale — S  lightly 

spotted  with  yellow. 

i  Known  also  as  golden- rayed  lily  and  Japan  lily. 


62  LILIES 

var.  rubro-vittatum — Bright  crimson  band. 

var.  virginale — No  spots. 

var.  JVlttei — Same  as  virginale. 

L.  avenaceum  Oat-scale  lily. 

Japan,  Manchuria,  Kamchatka.  Red,  droop- 
ing, reflexed  tips.  Similar  to  L.  tenuifolium. 
1  to  2  ft.  The  bulbs  are  eaten  in  Kamchatka. 
Delicate  constitution. 

L.  Bakeri  Baker's  lily. 

Washington  and  British  Columbia. 

L.  Bdkerianum 
India. 

L.  Batemanniae  See  elegans. 

The  origin  of  Batemann's  lily  is  somewhat 
obscure,  but  it  is  regarded  as  a  variety  of  L. 
elegans. 

L.  Berensi 

Hybrid;  L.  testaceum  x  L.  chalcedonicum. 
Dull  apricot;  fragrant. 

L.  Bloomerianum  See  Humboldtii. 

L.  Bolanderi 

California.    Dull     pomegranate,      spotted; 
shape  of  L.  canadense.     June.     2  ft. 
Recommended  only  to  collectors. 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     63 

L.  Brownii1  Brown's  lily. 

China,  Japan.  White,  outside  of  petals  suf- 
fused with  reddish  brown;  brown  anthers; 
trumpet-shaped;  usually-  solitary;  fragrant. 
Handsome  foliage;  brownish  stalk.  July,  Au- 
gust. 3  to  4  ft. 

Hardy  and  quite  vigorous,  but  requires  re- 
planting every  few  years.  Plant  deep  in  light, 
peaty  soil  and  warm,  sheltered  position.  Will 
stand  almost  pure  sand  with  a  little  manure, 
also  heavier  soil.  In  cold,  heavy  soil  lay 
something  on  ground  to  shoot  off  winter  wet. 
The  Japanese  plant  the  bulb  on  the  side  to 
avoid  damage  by  water. 

var.  Chloraster — Suffused  with  green. 

var.  leucanthum — Shaded  yellow;  steins 
green ;  very  fragrant. 

var.  odorum — Pale  yellow,  changing  to 
cream;  shorter  and  less  heavily 
tinged.  From  Central  China. 
Same  as  L.  odorum,  L.  Colches- 
terense  and  L.  japonicum  Colches- 
teri. 

L.  bulbiferum*  Bulb-bearing  lily. 

Central  Europe,  Southeastern  Scandinavia. 
Orange  red.  Similar  to  L.  dauricum,  but  dis- 
tinguished by  brighter  and  less  crowded  blos- 

1  Syn.  L.  japonicum  Brownii. 

2  Syn.  L.  auriantiacum. 


64  LILIES 

soms  and  bulbils  in  leaf  axils.    July,  Xugust. 
2  to  4  ft. 

Very  hardy.  Has  stood  test  of  many  years 
in  gardens.  Does  well  in  light,  rich  garden 
soil  and  in  an  open  position. 

L.  Burbanki  Burbank's  lily. 

Garden  hybrid;  L.  pardalinum  x  L.  Wash- 
ingtonianum  x  L.  Parryi. 

Orange,  spotted  with  brown  and  flushed 
with  crimson  on  the  tips;  25  to  30  in  loose, 
graceful  spike.  Very  fragrant.  'July.  4  to  6 
ft. 

Prefers  moist,  peaty  soil  and  partial  shade. 

var.  "Selected" — Orange  red  recurving 
and  evidently  L.  pardalinum  x  L. 
Humboldtii.  Free-flowering.  4  ft. 

L.  calif ornicum          See  Humboldtii  and  pardalinum. 

L.  callosum 

Japan.  Introduced  1840.  Scarlet,  droop- 
ing. 1  to  3  ft. 

Difficult  of  culture. 

L.  canadense 1  Canada  lily.2 

Eastern  United  States.  Light  orange,  spot- 
ted with  brown.  July.  3  ft. 

1  Syn.  L.  penduliflorum. 

2  Known  also  as  meadow  lily,  Canadian  lily  and  wild  yellow 
lily. 


L.  Brownii — Brown's  lily 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     65 

Very  hardy.  Excellent  for  naturalizing. 
Thrives  in  ordinary  garden  conditions,  but  pre- 
fers moist,  peaty  soil  with  a  low  ground  cover. 

var.  flavum — Common  orange  type, 
var.  rubrum — Orange  red  outside,  yellow 
inside. 


L.  candidum  Madonna  lily.1 

Southern  Europe.  Introduced  1596. 
White;  yellow  -anthers.  Broad  and  narrow 
petal  types.  June,  July.  4  ft. 

Very  hardy.  The  oldest  lily  in  cultivation. 
Thrives  in  well-drained  garden  loam  and  open 
position.  Dislikes  to  be  disturbed.  Trans- 
plant in  August,  as  there  is  new  leaf  growth 
in  September. 

var.  flore  plenum — Very  poor  double. 

var.  foliis  aureo-marginatis — Foliage  bor- 
dered with  yellow. 

ivar.  monstrosum — Same  as  flore  plenum. 

yar.  peregrinum — Purplish  stem,  narrow 
leaves  and  petals. 

var.  speciosum — Later;  20-30  blooms  on 
stem,  which  is  black.  5  to  6  ft. 

var.  spicatum — Same  as  flore  plenum. 

var.  striatum — Blossom  streaked  with  pur- 
ple. 

i  Known  also  as  white,  annunciation,  Bourbon  and  June  liljr. 


66  LILIES 

L.  carniolicum  Carniolian  lily. 

Lombardy,  Dalmatia,  Bosnia.  Yennilion 
red;  smaller  and  less  bright  than  L.  pom- 
ponium.  July.  3  ft. 

Thrives  in  ordinary  garden  soil.  Has  done 
well  even  in  clay. 


L.  carolinianum 1  Carolina  lily. 

Southeastern  United  States.  Orange  red, 
spotted  with  black  and  marked  with  yellow; 
recurved.  Resembles  L.  superbum,  but  less 
striking  and  foliage  is  broader.  July,  August. 
3ft. 

Quite  hardy.  Will  thrive  in  ordinary  gar- 
den soil,  if  well-drained. 


L.  Catesbaei  Southern  reel  lily. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Kentucky. 
Orange  red,  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow; 
generally  solitary.  July.  iy2  ft. 

Tender  and  rather  unreliable  in  northern 
gardens.  Prefers  sandy  or  gravelly  peat  and 
a  cool,  moist,  partially  shaded  place.  Often 
found  in  pine  barrens.  Good  for  rock  garden. 


L.  Cattamae  See  Martagon. 

L.  superbum  carolvnianum. 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     67 

L.  chalcedonicum  Scarlet  Martagon  lily.1 

Greece.  Bright  red;  small,  turban-shaped, 
in  loose  clusters;  unpleasant  odor.  July.  3 
ft. 

Very  hardy  in  English  gardens  for  over  a 
century.  Resents  disturbance  and  generally 
flowers  poorly  first  season.  Thrives  in  ordi- 
nary light  garden  loam,  or  heavier  soil  if  well 
drained.  Transplant  not  later  than  October, 
as  roots  make  early  growth.  Bears  drought 
well. 

var.  excelsum — Larger  and  superior;  pet- 
als spotted  black  at  base. 

yar.  Heldreichi — Improved  form;  color 
paler  on  outside.  Very  like  L. 
Heldreichi. 

var.  maculatum — Same  as  excelsum. 

var.  major — Same  as  excelsum. 

L.  claptonense  See  primulinum. 

L.  Colchesterense  See  Brownii  and  japonicum. 

L.  colchicum  See  monadelpbum. 

L.  Columbianum 2  Oregon  lily. 

Oregon,  Washington,  British  Columbia. 
Golden  yellow,  spotted  with  red ;  small ;  turban- 

1  Known  also  as  Turk's  cap  lily  and  red  lily.     Probably  the 
"red  lily  of  Constantinople"  of  Parkinson. 

2  Syn.  L.  nitidum,  L.  parviflorum  and  L.  Sayi. 


LILIES 

shaped.  'June,  July.  2y2  ft.  Some  regard  it 
as  small  form  of  L.  Humboldtii  and  it  seems  to 
be  identical  with  L.  pardalinum  parviflorum. 

One  of  the  easiest  of  western  lilies,  but  not 
highly  effective  in  the  garden.  Prefers  soil 
with  peat  and  sand  and  a  shady,  sheltered  posi- 
tion. 


L.  concolor *  Red  star  lily. 

China,  "Japan,  Siberia.  Bright  scarlet,  dark 
red  spots;  erect,  star-like,  waxen;  about  two 
inches  across.  Several  on  stem  and  two  to 
three  stems  from  one  bulb.  June,  July.  1  to 

H/2  ft. 

No  longer  considered  difficult.  Good  and 
graceful  garden  lily.  Does  well  in  ordinary 
garden  soil.  Prefers  light  loam  with  peat,  leaf- 
mold  and  sand  and  a  moist,  well-drained  and 
partly  shady  location.  Will  stand  slaty  soil. 
Excellent  for  cool  parts  of  rock  garden.  In 
good  soil  and  cool  spot  increases  rapidly. 

var.  Buschianum — Crimson.     Siberia. 

var.  Coridion — Rich  yellow;  larger  blos- 
soms. Same  as  L.  coridion. 

var.  Partheneion — Scarlet,  flushed  yellow. 

var.  pulchellum — Deep  crimson,  narrower 
petals.  Same  as  L.  p.  punctatum. 

i  Syn.  L.  sinicum  (China). 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBRIDS     69 

L.  cordifolium  Heart-leaved  lily. 

Japanese  and  Kurile  islands.  Greenish 
white,  tubular,  3  to  5  in.  across;  5  to  10  on 
stalk.  Leaves  more  heart-shaped  and  deeper 
green  than  those  of  the  nearly  related  L.  gigan- 
teum  and  sometimes  tinged  with  red.  Inferior 
to  L.  giganteum.  August,  September.  2  to  3 
ft 

Quite  tender.  Difficult  in  culture.  Safest 
to  pot,  and  winter  in  coldframe.  Plant  in  cool 
and  well-drained  spot,  sheltered  from  strong 
sunshine.  Give  good  root-run  of  leaf  soil. 

var.  Giehnii — Hardiest  form. 

L.  coridion  See  concolor. 

L.  croceum  Orange  lily. 

Switzerland,  France,  Northern  Italy.  Bright 
orange,  with  small  crimson  spots;  upright;  3 
in.  across ;  several  on  stalk.  June,  July.  3  to 
4  ft.  Resembles  L.  dauricum,  but  blossoms  bet- 
ter in  substance  and  duration. 

Very  hardy  old  cottage  garden  lily.  Flow- 
ers well  first  season.  Thrives  in  any  soil  in  a 
sunny  garden  border,  or  among  shrubs  in  half 
shade. 

var.  Chaixi — Dwarfer  than  type. 
L.  'dahuricum  See  elegans. 


70  LILIES 

L.  Dalhansoni  Dalhanson  lily. 

Garden  hybrid ;  L.  Hansoni  x  L.  dalmaticum. 
Dark  brownish  purple.     June.     5  ft. 

L.  dalmaticum  See  Martagon. 

L.  dauricum  x  Dahurian  lily. 

Siberia,  North  Japan.  Orange,  flushed  with 
red  and  spotted  with  black;  erect;  6  to  8  in 
umbel.  Species  more  slender  than  modern  gar- 
den forms  and  has  smaller  blossoms  and  shorter 
leaves.  Resembles  L.  croceum,  but  smaller  and 
more  slender.  Resembles  still  more  closely  L. 
elegans,  with  which  it  is  easily  confounded, 
tfune,  July.  2  ft. 

Very  hardy  dwarf  lily.  Does  well  in  ordi- 
nary light  garden  loam. 

var.  Diadem — Bright  crimson ;  yellow  band 

down  petal.     Fine  hybrid, 
var.  erectum — Orange  and  scarlet.    Early, 
var.  grandinorum — Light    orange    red. 

Large, 
var.  incomparabile — Deep  crimson.    Very 

fine, 
var.  maculatum — Deep    orange;    spotted. 

Tall. 

1  Syn.  L.  davuricum,  L.  spectdbile  and  L.  umbellatum.  Miss 
Jekyll  says  that  L.  davuricum,  is  said  to  be  identical  with  "L. 
pennsylvanicum*" 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBRIDS     71 

var.  multiflorum — Orange  red.  More  blos- 
soms. 

var.  Sappho — Light  orange,  tipped  with 
red. 

Hybrids  of  L.  umbellatum  and  L.  elegans. 

var.  Sensation — Deep  orange,  flushed  with 

brownish  red. 
var.  aurantiacum  multiflorum — 0  range 

yellow,  tipped  with  orange  red. 

The  following  forms  are  perhaps  hybrids  of 
L.  croceum  and  L.  elegans: 

var.  aurantiacum — Orange. 
var.  Cloth  of  Gold— Bright  yellow. 
var.  Tottenham! — B  right  yellow,  large 
heads. 

L.  Davidi  See  primulinwn. 

L.  davuricum  See  dawricum. 

L.  Delavayi 

China.    Wine  red;  trumpet-shaped. 

L.  elegans x  Thunbergian  lily. 

Japan.  Orange ;  erect.  Less  vigorous 
growth  than  L.  croceum,  which  it  resembles  in 
general  form.  Resembles  still  more  closely  L. 

i  Syn.  L.  TJwwbergianum,  L.  daJwricum  and  L.  lancifolium. 


72  LILIES 

dauricum,  with  which  it  is  easily  confounded. 
May,  June,  July.     y2  to  1  ft. 

Very  hardy.  One  of  the  best  border  lilies. 
Thrives  in  ordinary  garden  soil,  but  prefers 
light  loam,  peat  and  leaf-mold.  Stands  full  ex- 
posure. Fine  for  rock  garden  or  naturalizing. 

var.  Alice  Wilson — Lemon.     Dwarf. 

var.  alutaceum — Apricot.    Dwarf.    Early. 

var.  alutaceum  Prince  of  Orange — Apricot 

with  black  spots. 

var.  armeniacum — Orange  red.     Late. 
var.  atrosanguineum — Deep  red. 
var.  Batemanniae — Apricot.    Late.    4  ft. 

Same  as  L.  Batemanniae. 
var.  Beautiful  Star — Orange  red. 
var.  bicolor — Yellow,  streaked  with  red. 
var.  biligulatum — Brownish  red. 
var.  flore-pleno — Deep  red,  semi-double. 
var.  fulgens — Red.     Same  as  L.  fulgens. 
var.  hoematochroum — D  ark  crimson. 

Fine. 

var.  Horsmanni — Same  as  hoematochroum. 
var.  lateritium — Same  as  biligulatum. 
var.  Leonard  Joerg — Orange  red,  crimson 

spots. 
var.  marmoratum   aureum — Deep   yellow, 

crimson  spots. 
var.  Orange  Queen — Bright  orange.     1  ft. 

Very  fine. 
var.  Othello — Blood     red,     tinged     with 

orange. 


oj 

'& 


H 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     73 

var.  Peter  Barr — Soft  yellow;  few  spots; 

very  fine. 

var.  pictum — Same  as  bicolor. 
var.  Prince    of   Orange — Apricot,    dwarf, 

early. 
var.  reticulatum — Salmon  with  yellow  bar, 

spotted  purple, 
var.  sanguineum — Light  red,  black  spots. 

Same  as  L.  sanguineum. 
var.  semi-plenum — Half  double  crimson, 
var.  Van   Houttei — Fine  bright   crimson, 

large  and  fine. 

var.  venustum — Same  as  armeniacum. 
var.  Wilsoni — Apricot,  purple  spots;  late. 
var.  Venustum  macranthu m — Bright 

orange,  no  spots,  late.     2  ft. 
var.  Wallacei — Apricot,      early     August. 

Same  as  L.  Wallacei. 
var.  Willie  Barr — Orange  yellow,  spotted 

crimson. 

L.  excelsum  See  testaceum. 

L.  eximiuin  See  longiflorum. 

L.  Fargesi 

China.    Yellow;  small;  Martagon  type. 

L.  Formosum 

White.    Resembles  L.  elegans  in  form. 


74'  LILIES 

L.  fulgens  See  elegans. 

L.  giganteum  Giant  lily. 

Himalaya  mountains.  White,  tinged  with 
purple  inside  and  with  green  outside ;  trumpet- 
shaped,  8  to  9  in.  long  and  5  in.  wide;  12  to 
20  on  stalk.  Delicious,  but  powerful,  fra- 
grance. Very  fine  foliage,  heart-shaped.  July, 
August.  10  to  14  ft. 

Hardy.  Quite  vigorous  and  not  very  diffi- 
cult when  conditions  suit  it.  Naturalizes  read- 
ily in  English  woods.  Needs  protection  in  very 
cold  climates.  Flourishes  finely  in  a  green- 
house border.  Requires  quite  deep  soil  con- 
taining leaf-mold  or  sandy  peat  with  well- 
rotted  manure  and  moist  sub-soil.  A  light, 
loamy  soil  in  woodland  will  do.  Give  shelter 
and  partial  shade.  Does  well  in  rhododendron 
beds.  Boots  must  be  well  established  to  insure 
perfect  flower  development  and  it  is  therefore 
better  to  sacrifice  the  first  season's  bloom  in  the 
case  of  bulbs  of  flowering  size.  The  best  per- 
manent results  are  from  small  bulbs  left  un- 
disturbed, but  that  may  mean  a  few  years' 
waiting.  Protect  growing  shoots  with  ever- 
green boughs  in  spring. 

L.  Grayi  Gray's  lily. 

Mountains  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 
Reddish  orange,  spotted  with  maroon.  Similar 
to  L.  canadense,  but  petals  slightly  less  curved ; 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBEIDS     75 

possibly  a  southern  form  of  it.    Foliage  in 
whorls.    June,  July.    4  ft. 

Culture  quite  easy.  Thrives  best  in  moist, 
peaty  soil,  but  does  well  in  any  light,  well- 
drained  garden  soil. 

L.  Hansoni*  Hanson's  lily.2 

Japan.  Introduced  1882.  Bright  orange, 
spotted  with  brown ;  thick,  waxen,  reflexed  pet- 
als. Fragrance  not  heavy.  Leaves  in  whorls. 
June,  July.  4  to  5  ft. 

Quite  hardy  and  easy  of  culture.  Does  well 
in  light  loam.  Plant  among  shrubs  and  low 
plants  to  protect  young  shoots,  this  being  one 
of  the  earliest  lilies  to  appear  in  spring.  Avoid 
full  sun,  as  blossoms  bleach  easily. 

L.  Harrisii  See  longiflorum. 

L.  Heldreichi 

Mountains  of  Greece.  Bright  reddish  yel- 
low. Narrow  leaves,  thickly  set  on  stem.  2  to 
3  ft.  Similar  to  L.  chalcedonicum  Heldreichi. 

Plant  in  loamy  soil,  in  partly  shaded  place. 

L.  Henryi  Henry's  lily.3 

Ichang,  Western  China.  Introduced  1888. 
Deep  salmon  orange;  as  many  as  thirty  on 

1  Syn.  L.  maculatum. 

2  Known  also  as  Japanese  yellow  Martagon  lily  and  spotted 
lily. 

a  Known  also  as  yellow  speciosum. 


76  LILIES 

stalk.  Uncommonly  fine  foliage.  Similar  to 
L.  speciosum  in  habit.  August,  September.  6 
to  12  ft. 

Vigorous  and  one  of  best  border  lilies. 
Hardy,  but  rather  difficult  in  very  cold  climate. 
Best  under  glass  where  outdoor  conditions  are 
unfavorable.  Has  done  well  in  both  light  and 
heavy  loam,  but  prefers  soil  with  a  mixture  of 
peat.  Requires  moisture  toward  blooming  sea- 
son. Shelter  from  wind  and  full  force  of  sun. 
Plant  deep.  Seeds  freely. 

L.  Humloldtii  Humboldt's  lily. 

California.  Reddish  yellow,  spotted  with 
maroon,  reflexed  petals;  in  loose  triangular 
cluster.  Stout  stems,  with  whorls  of  leaves. 
Similar  to  L.  superbum,  but  showier.  June, 
July.  4  to  8  ft. 

Rather  capricious.  Prefers  deep,  peaty  soil, 
but  will  grow  in  any  well-drained  soil.  Thrives 
best  in  a  moist  atmosphere.  Very  poor  bloomer 
the  first  season.  Plant  shallow. 

var.  Bloomerianum — Small-growing  form 
and  same  as  L.  Bloomerianum,  L. 
calif ornicum  and  L.  puberulum. 

var.  Bloomerianum  magnificum — The  fin- 
est form. 

var.  magnificum — Freer  bloomer  and 
larger  spots;  from  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

var.  ocellatum — Same  as  magnificum. 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBEIDS     77 

L.  Isabellinum  See  testaceum. 

L.  Jarikae 

Mountains  of  Transylvania.  Clear  yellow, 
slightly  dotted  with  brown.  Similar  to  L. 
pyrenaicum,  but  broader  leaves  and  larger 
blossoms. 

Thrives  in  good  loam. 

L.  japonicum *  Japanese  lily.2 

South  'Japan.  Clear  rose,  occasionally  paler ; 
funnel-shaped,  6  in.  long,  carried  horizontally; 
generally  one  on  stem,  but  sometimes  up  to 
seven.  Slender  growth.  July,  August.  2y2 
ft.  Type  sometimes  described  as  purple,  or 
purplish,  with  white  inside  and  L.  Erameri 
then  distinguished  as  L.  j.  roseum.  In  this 
case  it  is  also  confused  with  L.  Brownii. 

Very  erratic  and  in  cold  climates  safest  in 
pots.  Prefers  light,  rich  sandy  loam  or  peat 
and  good  drainage.  Peat  is  said  to  make  color 
darker.  Does  well  among  rhododendrons,  but 
requires  frequent  renewal.  Grows  in  pine 
woods  in  Japan.  Plant  deep. 

yar.  Alexandra  e — White,  shaded  with 
green  at  base;  pale  green  foliage; 
2  to  3  ft.  Resembles  somewhat 
both  L.  auratum  and  L.  longiflorum, 

1  Syn.  L.  Krameri  and  L.  roseum. 

2  Known  also  as  Kramer's  lily. 


78  LILIES 

and  sometimes  regarded  as  a  nat- 
ural hybrid  of  them,  but  shorter 
flower  tubes  than  latter.  First  in- 
troduced from  Japan  as  L.  UJci-uri. 
Not  hardy  and  best  in  pots. 

yar.  Brownii — Same  as  L.  Brownii. 

yar.  Colchesterens e — Resembles  L. 
Brownii,  but  less  brown  and  more 
erect,  and  known  also  as  L.  Brownii 
odorum,  L.  odorum  and  L.  Colches- 
terense. 

yar.  roseum — Same  as  L.  Krameri  and  L. 
roseum. 

L.  Kelloggii  Kellogg  Js  lily. 

Northwestern  California.  Pinkish  purple, 
with  maroon  spots;  drooping;  petals  much  re- 
flexed  ;  very  fragrant.  Bears  some  resemblance 
to  L.  Washingtonianum  and  the  purple  Marta- 
gon  lily. 

Prefers  moist  peat,  or  leaf -mold  and  sand, 
with  good  drainage. 

L.  Kewense  Kew  lily. 

Garden  hybrid,  L.  Henryi  x  L.  Brownii. 
Creamy    buff,    changing    to    nearly   white; 
something  like  a  small  L.  auratum. 

L.  Krameri  See  japonicum. 

L.  lancifolium  See  elegans  and  speciosum. 


SPECIES,  VAKIETIESj  HYBEIDS    79 

L.  Larikongense 

Yunnan,  China. 

L.  Ledebouri  ...     Bees  Monddelphum. 

L.  Leichtlini  Leichtlin's  lily. 

'Japan.  Introduced  1867.  Pale  yellow,  with 
purple  spots.  Slender  stems;  long,  narrow 
leaves.  Very  graceful  lily.  August.  3  to  4 
ft  The  so-called  red  L.  Leichtlini  is  L. 
tigrinum  jucundum  (or  Maximowiczii) . 

Needs  very  careful  treatment.  Prefers 
sandy  soil,  lightened  with  peat.  Comes  out 
early  and  must  have  protection  from  frost. 
Put  sharp  sand  around  bulbs. 

L.  Loddigesianum  See  monadelphum. 

L.  longiflorum  St.  Joseph's  lily.1 

Japan.  Pure  white,  trumpet-shaped;  deli- 
cate perfume.  Good  foliage.  Suly,  August. 
3ft. 

Quite  hardy  in  right  conditions,  but  runs  out 
easily.  Best  grown  in  pots.  Does  well  in  good 
garden  soil,  but  better  in  peat,  loam  and  sand, 
well  drained  and  kept  moist  during  growth. 
Give  shelter  and  partial  shade. 

yar.  eximium — Taller  and  more  robust 
than  type.  This  is  the  Bermuda 
lily. 

i  Known  also  as  Easter  lily  and  trumpet  lily,  and  the  Har- 
risii  variety  as  Bermuda  lily. 


80  LILIES 

var.  Harrisii — Same  as  eximium  and  L. 
Earrisii. 

var.  giganteum — More  blossoms  and 
stronger  growth. 

var.  foliis  albo-marginatis — Foliage  with 
white  margin. 

var.  f  ormosanum — More  slender  than  type, 
blossoms  tinged  with  purple  on  out- 
side. Native  of  Formosa. 

?ar.  formosum — Formosa  type  cultivated 
in  Japan. 

var.  Livkin — Similar  to  type. 

var.  multiflorum — Same  as  giganteum. 

var.  robustus — Same  as  giganteum. 

var.  Takesima — Stems  and  flower  buds 
flushed  with  brown. 

var.  grandiflorum — Improvement  of  Con- 
tinental type,  bloom  slightly  brown 
on  outside. 

var.  Wilsoni — 6  to  8  large  blossoms  and 
dwarfer  growth. 

var.  Wilsoni  (of  Leichtlin) — Same  as  ex- 
imium. 

L.  Lowii*  Low's  lily. 

Upper  Burmah.  Introduced  1893.  White, 
thickly  or  thinly  spotted  with  purple;  bell- 
shaped.  Narrow  leaves,  slender  growth.  Sep- 
tember. 3  ft. 

i  Not  very  hardy.    Best  for  pots  or  greenhouse  border. 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     81 
L.  maculatum  See  Hansoni. 

L.  Marhan  Marhan  lily. 

Garden  hybrid;  L.  Martagon  album  x  L. 
Hansoni.  Tawny  orange,  curiously  spotted 
and  streaked  with  reddish  brown ;  backs  of  pet- 
als whitish.  Has  Martagon  blossoms  and 
habit,  with  thick  petals  of  other  parent.  June, 
July.  4  to  5  ft. 

Thrives  in  good  garden  loam. 

var.  Ellen  Willmott — Finest  and  most  ro- 
bust form. 

L.  maritimum  Coast  lily. 

Coast  of  Northern  California.  Reddish 
orange,  spotted  with  purple;  drooping,  bell- 
shaped  ;  petals  much  reflexed.  Slender  growth. 
Duly.  3  ft. 

Very  difficult  in  cultivation.  Being  a  native 
of  peaty  meadows,  it  prefers  moist  peaty  soil, 
in  partial  shade.  Good  for  the  rock  garden. 

L.  Martagon1  Purple  Martagon  lily.2 

Central  and  Southern  Europe  into  Asia. 
Dull  purplish  pink,  somewhat  spotted;  small, 
turban-shaped;  in  large  pyramidal  clusters; 
rather  unpleasant  odor.  June,  July.  2  to  5 
ft.  The  bulbs  are  eaten  by  the  Cossacks. 

1  Syn.  L.  dalmaticum. 

2  Known  also  as  Turk's  cap  lily. 


82  LILIES 

Three  centuries'  test  in  English  gardens. 
Very  vigorous  and  effective  lily.  Loamy  soil 
in  almost  any  position,  but  prefers  cool  and 
damp  places,  though  thriving  in  coldest  cli- 
mates. Plant  shallow. 

var.  album — Pure  white  and  very  beauti- 
ful. A  lilac-tinted  form  has  stron- 
ger growth  and  more  shining  foli- 
age. 

yar.  dalmaticum — Light  to  dark  wine  color 
and  very  waxen ;  30  to  40  blossoms 
on  stalk ;  unopened  buds  with  whit- 
ish covering;  same  as  L.  dalmati- 
cum. 6  ft. 

yar.  Cattanii — Almost  black,  probably  a 
darker  form  of  dalmaticum.  Same 
as  L.  Cattaniae. 

var.  Sore-plenum — Valueless  double  form. 

L.  Masseyi  See  philadelphicum. 

L.  Maximowiczii  See  LeiMlini  and  tigrinum. 

[Tapan.  Bed  to  yellow;  6  to  8  on  stem.  2 
to  3  ft.  Maximowicz's  lily  is  quite  distinct,  but 
seems  to  be  identical  with  L.  tigrinum  jucun- 
dum.  Is  sometimes  called  the  red  L.  Leicht- 
lini.  Origin  is  obscure. 


L.  monadelphum — the  Caucasian  lily 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     83 

L.  medeoloides. 

rjapan  and  Korea.  Orange-red ;  reflexed  pet- 
als. Similar  to  L.  avenaceum,  but  taller.  12 
ft. 

Difficult  in  cultivation. 

L.  mirabile 

China.     A  variant  of  L.  corifolium. 

L.  monadelphum  *  Caucasian  lily. 

Caucasus,  Persia.  Bright  yellow,  slightly 
tinged  with  purple ;  orange  anthers ;  nodding ; 
20  to  30  on  raceme ;  fragrant.  July.  4  to  6  ft. 

Thrives  in  good  light  loam,  well  drained, 
and  in  an  open  situation,  but  likes  partial 
shade.  Rarely  does  well  the  first  year.  Easily 
grown  from  seed. 

var.  Szovitzianum — Straw  color,  spotted 
with  black;  brown  anthers;  larger 
blossoms ;  strong  scent.  Sometimes 
classed  as  species,  the  stamens  be- 
ing free  at  base  whereas  in  the 
type  they  are  joined.  Better  than 
type.  Same  as  L.  Scovitzianum. 

L,  montanum  See  pJiiladelphicum. 

i  Syn.  L.  colchicum,  L.  Loddigesianum,  L.  Ledebouri  and  L. 
Szovitzianum. 


84  LILIES 

L.  vnyriophyllum 

China.  "White,  flushed  with  yellow  in  cen- 
ter; outside  of  petals  streaked  with  brown  and 
tipped  with  pink.  Fine,  narrow  foliage.  Ke- 
sembles  L.  Brownii  leucanthum,  but  blossoms 
smaller  and  more  funnel-shaped  and  blooms 
earlier.  In  general  it  has  more  refinement. 
July.  3  to  4  ft. 

Hardy  and  vigorous.  Thrives  in  any  good 
peaty  soil,  when  acclimatized. 

L.  neilgherrense  Neilgherry  lily. 

India.  Pale  yellow,  purplish  on  outside; 
thick  petals;  trumpet-shaped;  one  to  three  on 
stalk.  Distinct,  delicate  aroma.  September. 

3  to  4  ft. 

Too  tender  for  outdoors  and  even  in  pots 
needs  frequent  renewal.  Blooms  well  first  sea- 
son, but  inclined  not  to  do  so  thereafter. 
Plant  in  equal  parts  of  loam,  peat  and  sand, 
preferably  in  a  greenhouse  bed. 

L.  nepalense  Nepaul  lily. 

Nepaul,  India.  Greenish  yellow,  with  deep 
purple  base;  funnel-shaped;  5  in.  across;  seg- 
ments recurved ;  slightly  fragrant.  September. 

4  to  6  ft. 

This  very  striking  lily  has  flowered  outdoors 
in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  England,  but 
there  only  in  a  sheltered  position.  In  cold 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBRIDS     85 

climates  should  be  cultivated  in  a  greenhouse. 
Prefers  a  moist,  peaty  soil  and  a  light  position 
where  it  is  in  no  danger  of  being  scorched  by 
the  summer  sun. 

L.  nigrum  Black  lily. 

Dubious  species ;  syn.  Sarana  kamschatkensis 
and  Fritillaria  kamschatica. 

L.  nitidum  See  columbiamum. 

L.  occidentale 

Orange   red,  with   crimson  tips   and   black 
spots.     2  to  4  ft. 

L.  ochroleucum  See  sulphureum. 

L.  ochraceum 
China. 

L.  oxypetalum  See  yunnanense. 

L.  odorum  See  Brownii  and  japonicwm. 

L.  papilliferum 

Yunnan,  China.    Dull  red.    Form  of  L.  su- 
perbum. 

L.  pardalinum 1  Panther  lily. 

California.     Bright  red,  lower  parts  of  pet- 
als orange  with  red  spots;  variable  in  color • 

i  Syn.  L.  californicum. 


86  LILIES 

large;  strongly  recurved;  20  to  30  on  stem; 
long  blooming  period.  Very  stately,  with 
whorls  of  dark  green  leaves.  July.  6  to  9  ft. 
Very  hardy  and  robust.  Fine  for  the  gar- 
den. Does  well  in  good  well-drained  garden 
loam,  but  prefers  moist,  peaty  soil  in  sun  or 
partial  shade.  Must  have  plenty  of  light  and 
air  and  protection  from  high  winds.  Dislikes 
being  disturbed  and  blooms  poorly  first  season. 
Increases  rapidly. 

var.  angustif  olium — 0  range   red,    with 

brown  spots;  slender  growth. 
var.  Bourgaei — Darker    than    type    and 

more  robust. 
var.  ealifornicum — Deep  orange;  maroon 

spotted,  scarlet  tips.    Same  as  L. 

ealifornicum. 

yar.  luteum — Orange,  spotted  with  crim- 
son. 
var.  Ellacombei — Smaller  and  later  than 

type, 
var.  Johnson  i — Fine  British  Columbia 

kind, 
var.  Michauxii — Same  as  Ellacombei  and 

L.  carolinianum. 

var.  minor — Beautiful  early  form, 
var.  pallidif  olium — L  i  g  h  t  e  r   color   and 

smaller  blossoms. 
var.  parviflorum — Same  as  minor.     Same 

as  L.  parviflorum  and  L.  Sayi. 


03 

tuo 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     87 

var.  puberulum — Same  as  pallidifolium  x 

L.  puberulum. 
var.  Red  Giant — Burbank  hybrid,  crimson 

and  red,  spotted  maroon, 
var.  Roezlii — Bright  yellow,  purplish 

brown  dots  in  center;  leaves  rarely 

in  whorls.     Same  as  L.  Roezlii. 
var.  Robinsoni — Strongest  grower  and 

deepest  color, 
var.  Warei — Beautiful,  apricot  shade. 

L.  Parkmanni  Parkmann's  lily. 

Garden  hybrid,  L.  auratum  x  L.  speciosum. 

White,  spotted  and  banded  with  crimson. 
One  of  the  finest  of  hybrids,  but  disease  caused 
it  to  almost,  or  quite,  disappear  from  cultiva- 
tion. 

L.  Parryi  Parry's  lily. 

California.  Citron,  the  inner  bases  shaded 
with  light  brown;  brown  anthers;  funnel- 
shaped;  pendulous;  several  on  stem;  delicate 
fragrance.  June,  July.  3  to  5  ft. 

Easily  cultivated,  but  not  very  strong.  Ad- 
mirable yellow  lily.  Plant  in  moist,  but  well- 
drained,  peaty  soil  in  partial  shade  and  where 
sheltered  from  wind.  In  California  this  lily 
is  found  at  an  altitude  of  7,000  to  10,000  ft.  in 
alpine  meadows  and  near  streams  where  the 
soil  is  about  two-thirds  granitic  sand  and  one- 
third  peat  or  vegetable  mold. 


88  LILIES 

L.  parviflorum  l  Small-flowered  lily. 

California.  Golden  yellow,  spotted  brown. 
June.  31/2  ft. 

L.  parvum  Little  lily. 

Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  California.  Light 
orange,  tipped  with  red;  drooping;  recurved 
petals;  several  on  stalk.  June,  July.  4  to  5 
ft. 

Constitution  not  very  strong.  Prefers  moist, 
but  well-drained,  peaty  soil  in  partial  shelter 
from  sun  and  wind. 

var.  flore-pleno — Double  form. 

var.  hybridum — Richly  colored  hybrid. 

var.  luteum — All  yellow. 

L.  penduliflorum  See  canadense. 

L.  peregrinum 

Asia  Minor. 

L.  philadelphicum  Wood  lily.2 

Eastern  United  States  and  Canada.  Scarlet, 
center  yellow,  dotted  with  maroon ;  cup-shaped ; 
very  narrow  segments.  July,  August.  18  in. 
Southern  form,  L.  Masseyi,  has  narrow  perianth 
segments  and  western  form,  L.  montanum,  has 
broader  leaves. 

1  Syn.  L.  columbianum,  L.  pardalinurn  minor  and  L.  Sayi. 

2  Known  also  as  wild  orange-red  lily  and  Philadelphia  lily. 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBRIDS     89 

Very  hardy,  but  rather  uncertain  in  the  gar- 
den. Requires  good  soil,  preferably  with  leaf- 
mold.  Grows  naturally  both  in  thin  woods  and 
fully  exposed  places  and  will  stand  sun  or 
shade  if  there  is  a  low  ground  cover. 

L.  philippinense  Philippine  lily. 

Philippines.  White;  similar  to  L.  longi- 
florum,  but  more  drooping  and  generally  sol- 
itary; fragrant.  A  tropical  form  of  L.  longi- 
florum,  taller  and  with  extremely  narrow 
leaves. 

Has  proved  hardy  in  Ohio  with  protection, 
but  perished  in  Connecticut.  Too  tender  for 
northern  winter  and  even  in  the  greenhouse 
not  very  robust.  Requires  moist,  but  well- 
drained,  peaty  soil  in  partly  shaded  and  shel- 
tered position.  Must  be  watched  carefully. 

L.  polyphyllum 

Western  Himalayas.  Greenish  yellow, 
tinged  inside  with  purple ;  turban-shaped ;  4  to 
6  on  stalk;  fragrant.  August,  September.  2 
to  5  ft. 

Very  tender  and  dislikes  winter  wet.  Has 
been  grown  in  open  air  in  England  and  North- 
ern Wales,  but  there  is  better  under  glass. 
Even  in  a  greenhouse  the  bulbs  are  likely  to 
perish  after  flowering.  Plant  in  loam,  peat  and 
sand.  Will  grow  in  fairly  dry  loam,  but  in 
India  is  found  in  gravel  and  vegetable  soil  on 
northern  slopes. 


90  LILIES 

L.  pomponium1  Turban  lily.2 

Northern  Italy.  Vermilion  red,  strongly  re- 
flexed.  Similar  to  L.  chalcedonicum,  but  ear- 
lier. Very  strong  scent.  June.  3  to  4  ft. 
Also  called  L.  p.  verum. 

Very  hardy.  It  is  among  oldest  of  border 
lilies.  Plant  in  light  soil,  well  drained. 

var.  aureum — Yellow.    The    same    as    L. 
pomponium  pyrenaicum  (see  L.  pyrenaicum). 

L.  primulinum 3  Primrose  lily. 

Upper  Burmah.  Soft  primrose  yellow; 
large;  trumpet-shaped. 

Quite  tender.  In  cold  climates  suitable  only 
for  greenhouse  culture. 

L.  puberulum  See  Humboldtii  and  pardalinum. 

L.  pulchellum  punctatum  See  concolor. 

L.  pumilum  See  tenuifolium. 

L.  Purdyi  Purdy's  lily. 

Washington  and  British  Columbia.  Orange 
red,  spotted;  fragrant.  2  to  5  ft. 

1  Syn.  L.  rubrum  and  L.  angustifolium. 

2  Known  also  as  scarlet  pompone. 

s  Syn.  L.  claptonense    (suppressed)   and  L.  Davidi. 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBEIDS     91 

L.  pyrenaicum*  Tellow  Turk's  cap  lily. 

Greenish  yellow,  with  greenish  spots;  re- 
flexed  petals;  10  or  so  on  stalk;  very  small; 
odor  disagreeable,  but  faint.  Foliage  narrow 
and  very  dense.  May,  June.  2  ft.  Some- 
times called  L.  p.  fiavum. 

Quite  hardy,  and  long  grown  in  cottage  gar- 
dens. Plant  in  loamy  soil,  in  an  open  position. 

var.  rubrum — Orange  scarlet,  spotted  with 
maroon. 

L.  Roezlii  Roezl's  lily. 

Orange  red  to  yellow,  spotted  with  purple; 
5  to  10  in  raceme.  Blossoms  resemble  those  of 
L.  Humboldtii  in  shape.  June.  2  to  3  ft. 
Sometimes  listed  as  species  and  sometimes  as 
L.  pardalinum  Roezlii. 

L.  roseum  See  japonicum  and  Thompsonianum. 

The  name  is  confusing,  referring  alike  to  a 
true  lily  and  a  fritillary. 

L.  rubellum  Reddish  lily. 

Japan.  Introduced  1898.  Deep  rose,  vary- 
ing to  nearly  white;  yellow  anthers;  usually 
three  on  stalk ;  fragrant.  Similar  to  L.  japoni- 
cum,  but  smaller  and  less  open  blossoms,  broad- 
er leaves  and  shorter  stems.  May,  June. 
ft. 
i  Syn.  L.  pomponium  pyrenaicum. 


92  LILIES 

Fairly  hardy  in  England.  More  reliable 
than  L.  japonicum,  but  bulbs  likely  to  disap- 
pear. Easily  renewed  by  seed.  Vegetable  soil 
and  loam,  preferably  light  and  sandy,  are  the 
best  for  it.  It  has,  however,  thrived  in  poor 
and  rather  dry,  stony  soil  under  deciduous 
shrubs.  Sometimes  it  has  been  found  benefi- 
cial to  place  rubble  around  the  bulb  to  prevent 
direct  contact  with  the  soil.  This  lily  re- 
quires partial  shade  and  is  fine  in  thin  wood- 
land or  among  low  shrubs.  In  deep  shade  the 
bloom  will  be  a  lighter  color. 

L.  rubescens  See  WasJiingtonianum. 

L.  rubrum  See  pomponium. 

L.  sanguineum  See  elegans. 

L.  Sargentiae  .  Sargent's  lily. 

China,  Similar  to  L.  Brownii  leucanthum 
and  possibly  identical;  but  blossoms  are  held 
horizontally  and  seem  to  have  richer  shading 
of  brown.  August.  6  to  8  ft. 

L.  Sayi  See  columbianum  and  parvifiorum. 

L.  sinensis  See  tigrinum. 

L.  sinicum  See  concolor. 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBRIDS     93 


L.  speciosum*  Handsome  lily.2 

Japan.  Introduced;  1830.  White,  faintly 
flushed  and  spotted  with  crimson  j  reflexed  pet- 
als. August,  September.  3  ft. 

Very  hardy  and  one  of  the  most  reliable  bor- 
der lilies.  Does  well  in  ordinary  garden  soil 
and  in  either  sun  or  partial  shade.  Prefers 
deep,  moist,  sandy  loam,  with  leaf-mold  and 
peat.  Protect  with  ground  cover. 

var.  albiflorum — "White ;  slight  suffusion  of 
pink,  outside.  Continental  form. 

var.  album — Sam©  as  albiflorum. 

var.  album — Same  as  Kraetzeri. 

var.  album  Kraetzeri — Same  as  Kraetzeri. 

var.  album  novum — Anthers  larger  than 
Kraetzeri  and  not  brown. 

var.  Crown  Princess — White. 

var.  cruentum — Dwarf  of  Melpomene. 

Var.  gloriosides — White,  spotted  with  pink. 

var.  Kraetzer i — Pure  white,  greenish 
stripe  halfway  down  petal,  brown 
anthers. 

var.  macranthum — Distinct  deep  rose  kind. 

var.  magnificum — J  a  p  a  n  e  s  e  variety  of 
rubrum,  rich  and  earlier  than  Mel- 
pomene. 

var.  Melpomene — Deep  crimson  heavily 
spotted  with  narrow  margin  of 
white. 

1  Syn.  L.  lancifolium  (erroneous;  this  belongs  to  L.  elegans). 

2  Known  also  as  Japan  lily. 


94:  LILIES 

var.  punctatum — White,  shaded  and  spot- 
ted pink. 

var.  punctatum  album — Weak  constitu- 
tion; same  as  a.  novum. 

var.  purpureum — Same  as  Japanese  rub- 
rum. 

var.  roseum — Japanese  form.  Much  pink- 
er than  type. 

var.  roseum  multiflorum — Resembles  Mel- 
pomene. 

var.  roseum  superbum — Similar  to  Mel- 
pomene. Large.  Early. 

var.  rubrum — Japanese  form.  Still  deep- 
er color. 

var.  rubrum — Dutch  form.  White,  with 
heavy  pink  spots. 

var.  Schrymakersii — Deep  rose,  spotted 
with  purple.  Early  and  free 
blooming  form  of  rubrum. 

L.  spectabile  See  dauricum. 

L.  sulphureum 1  Sulphur  lily. 

North  Burmah.  Creamy  white,  suffused  with 
yellow  inside  and  tinged  with  red  on  outside; 
large ;  tubular ;  fragrant.  This  lily  has  bulbils 
in  leaf  axils.  September.  6  ft. 

Fairly  hardy  for  its  class.  Has  flowered 
outdoors  in  England.  Best  grown  in  pots  in 

i  Syn.  L.  ochroleucum  and  L.  Wallichianum  superbum. 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBRIDS     95 

the  open  and  removed  to  greenhouse  for  flower- 
ing.    Easily  cultivated  and  quite  prolific. 

L.  superlum  Swamp  lily.1 

Eastern  United  States  to  Canada.  Orange, 
flushed  with  scarlet  and  spotted  with  brown; 
recurved ;  12  to  30  on  stem,  in  cone-shaped  clus- 
ters. Color  varies  somewhat.  July,  August. 
6  to  8  ft. 

Very  hardy.  Highly  satisfactory  border 
lily.  Does  well  in  ordinary  garden  soil,  if  given 
good  drainage,  partial  shade  and  a  ground 
cover.  Preference  is  for  swampy  soil,  but  any 
moist  location  will  do.  Good  among  low 
shrubs. 

var.  Carolinianum — Southern  type,  Vir- 
ginia to  Florida.  Same  as  L.  caro- 
linianum. 

L.  Sutchuense  Su-Tchuen  lily. 

Reddish  orange,  spotted  with  black.  De- 
scribed as  form  of  L.  tenuifolium  and  also 
called  syn.  of  L.  Wallacei. 

L.  Szovitzianum  See  monadelphum. 

L.  Taliense  Talien  lily. 

China.    White.    Form  of  L.  Martagon. 

i  Also  known  as  American  Turk's  Cap  lily. 


96  LILIES 

L.  tenuifolium  Coral  lily. 

Siberia,  North  China.  Deep  scarlet;  waxen; 
strongly  recurved ;  very  small ;  6  to  10  on  stalk. 
Leaves  dark  green;  very  numerous.  June, 
{July.  1%  ft. 

Quite  hardy,  but  too  delicate  of  growth  to  be 
with  rank  plants.  Best  in  its  fourth  year, 
after  which  it  dies  away.  Easily  renewed  by 
seed.  Plant  in  good  moist  loam  in  cool  and 
partly  shaded  location. 

var.  Golden  Gleam — Clear  apricot.  Very 
fine. 

var.  pumilum — Stouter  and  taller  stems, 
narrower  leaves.  Same  as  L.  pum- 
ilum. 

var.  stenophyllum — Same  as  pumilum. 

L.  testaceum  *  Nankeen  lily. 

Supposed  natural  hybrid,  L.  candidum  x  L. 
chalcedonicum  or  L.  pomponium;  but  never 
found  in  wild  state. 

Dull  apricot,  of  quite  unique  shade;  orange 
anthers;  nodding;  very  fragrant,  but  fairly 
strong  odor.  Has  texture  of  L.  candidum  but 
shape  is  along  Martagon  lines.  Extremely 
graceful  habit.  June,  July.  6  to  7  ft. 

Quite  hardy  and  one  of  the  choicest  border 
lilies.  Thrives  in  good  light  garden  loam. 

.  L.  excelsum  and  L.  Isdbellinum. 


L.  tenui folium— 
the  coral  lily 


L.    canadense — the 
Canada  lily 


SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  HYBRIDS     97 

Very  fine  in  generous  plantings  among  ferns  or 
on  the  edge  of  woodland.     Plant  shallow. 

L.  Thompsonianum  Thompson's  lily. 

Dubious  species;  syn.  Fritillaria  Thompson- 
ianum.  Same  as  L.  roseum. 

L.  Thuribergianum  See  elegans. 

L.  tigrinum 1  Tiger  lily. 

Japan,  China.  Orange  red,  spotted  with 
deep  purple;  large;  reflexed  petals.  July,  Au- 
gust. 6  ft. 

Very  hardy.  Increases  rapidly  by  self-sown 
bulbils.  The  bulbs  are  eaten  in  Japan  and 
China.  Thrives  in  almost  any  soil,  but  pre- 
fers friable  sandy  loam  and  peat  or  leaf-mold. 
Avoid  drought  and  provide  shelter  from  high 
winds.  Plant  7  inches  deep. 

var.  flore-pleno — Best  double  lily,  but  far 

less  beautiful  than  type. 
var.  Fortune  i — Flowers  slightly  paler, 

sometimes  fifty  on  stem. 
var.  Fortunei  giganteum — Larger  blossoms 

and  greener  stems.     Woolly  down 

on  stems, 
var.  Fortunei   giganteum   fl.    pi. — Double 

variety  of  same. 

i  Syn.  L.  sinensis. 


98  LILIES 

var.  jucundum — Vermilion,  spotted  with 
maroon;  no  bulbils.  More  slender 
and  quite  distinct. 

var.  Leopoldii — Larger  and  brighter  blos- 
soms, with  larger  and  fewer  spots; 
fewer  leaves;  lower  stems  smooth 
and  black. 

var.  Maximowiczii — Same  as  jucundum. 

var.  plenescens — Double. 

var.  pseudo-tigrinum — Same  as  jucundum. 

var.  splendens — Same  as  Leopoldii,  the 
true  splendens  considered  the  best. 

L.  Uki-uri  (Ukeyuri)  See  japonicum. 

L.  umbellatum  See  dauricum. 

L.  Wallacei*  Wallace's  lily. 

Japan ;  possibly  a  garden  hybrid.  Kew  calls 
it  a  variety  of  L.  elegans.  Rosy  apricot,  thick- 
ly spotted.  Very  graceful.  July.  2  to  5  ft. 

Quite  hardy  in  the  border.  Plant  in  a  damp 
place ;  this  lily  loves  moisture. 

L.  Wallichianum  Wallich's  lily. 

Central  Himalayas.  "White,  tinged  with 
green  on  the  outside ;  funnel-shaped,  8  or  9  in. 
long  with  wide  mouth;  usually  solitary;  very 
strong  perfume.  July.  4  to  6  ft. 

i  Syn.  L.  elegans  Wallacei  and  L.  Sutchuense. 


SPECIES,  VAEIETIES,  HYBRIDS     99 

Too  tender  for  northern  winters  and  rather 
difficult  of  culture.  Requires  peaty  soil  and 
a  light  position  without  full  exposure.  Does 
well  in  shrubbery  where  the  winter  is  not  too 
severe. 

var.  superbum — Same  as  L.  sulphureum. 

L.  Washingtonianum  Washington  lily.1 

Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  California. 
White,  tinged  with  pink  or  red  and  dotted  with 
purple;  funnel-shaped,  6  in.  across  and  nearly 
erect;  reflexed  petals;  12  to  20  on  stalk;  fra- 
grant. Color  descriptions  of  this  lily  vary 
greatly.  June.  3  to  5  ft. 

One  of  the  best  western  lilies  for  eastern  gar- 
dens, but  rather  difficult  in  cultivation  when 
conditions  are  not  quite  right.  Requires  a  deep 
soil  of  peat,  leaf-mold  and  gritty  loam,  with 
perpetual  moisture  at  the  roots.  Being  a  wood 
lily,  it  likes  partial  shade. 

var.  minor — Of  smaller  growth. 

var.  purpureum — Striking  pinkish  lilac 
variety  found  in  SisMyou  Moun- 
tains in  Cascade  range.  Of  smaller 
growth  and  blossoms  arranged  dif- 
ferently on  spike. 

yar.  rubescens — White,  changing  to  pink. 
Smaller,  more  compact  and  more 

i  Known  also  as  Nevada  lily. 


100  LILIES 

slender.     A  little  less  difficult  than 
the  type. 

L.  yunnanense  Yunnan  lily. 

Yunnan,  China.  Pink;  small;  drooping;  1 
to  3  on  stalk.  Narrow  leaves ;  slender  growth. 
1  to  2  ft.  high.  Probably  allied  to  L.  oxypeta- 
lum,  now  regarded  as  a  fritillary. 

Requires  a  peaty  soiL 


L.  tigrinum,  var.  flore-pleno — the  double  tiger  lily 


CHAPTEE  XHI 

LILIES  THAT  ARE   NOT  LILIES 

THE  name  lily  lias  always  been  used  very 
loosely  in  all  garden  talk  that  is  not  in  Latin. 
So  it  has  come  about  that  there  are  many  so-- 
called lilies  which  are  not  lilies  at  all,  in  the 
trne  sense ;  some  of  them  are  not  even  liliaceous, 
bnt  belong  to  genera  quite  distinct  botanically. 
A  number  of  these  are  here  grouped  for  easy 
reference. 

African — Agapanthus  umbellatus. 

African  corn — Ixia. 

Amazonian — Eucharis  amazonica. 

Arum — Richardia  africana. 

Arum,  golden — Richardia  Elliottiana. 

Atamasco — Zephyranthes  Atamasco. 

Avalanche — Erythronium  citrinum. 

Barbadoes  spice — Amaryllis  equestre. 
Belladonna — Amaryllis  Belladonna. 
Bengal — Crinum  longiflorum. 
Bermuda  spice — Amaryllis  Johnsoni. 
Black 1 — Sarana  kamschatkensis. 

i  Same  as  Lilium  nigrum  (dubious  species)   and  Fritillaria 
kamschatika. 

101 


102  LILIES 

Blackberry — PardantJius  chin ensis. 
Brisbane — Eurycles  sylvestris. 
Butterfly — Hedychium  coronarium. 

Caffre  (Kaffir) — Schizostylis  coccinea. 

Calla — Richardia  africana. 

Cape — Crinum  Capense. 

Checkered — Fritillaria  meleagris. 

Chilian — Alstrcemeria  chilensis. 

Chinese  sacred — Narcissus  tazetta  orientalis. 

Climbing — Gloriosa  superba. 

Corfu — Funkia  subcordata. 

Cuban — Scilla. 

Custard — Hemerocallis  flava 

Day,  blue — Furikia  ovata. 
Day,  tawny — Hemerocallis  fulva. 
Day,  white — Funkia  subcordata. 
Day,  yellow — Hemerocallis  flava. 

Fairy — Zephyr  anthes  rosea. 
Fayal — Ornithogallum  arabicum. 
Flax — Phormium  tenax. 

Ginger — Hedychium  coronarium. 
Glory — Gloriosa  superba. 
Good  Luck — Narcissus  polyanthus. 
Guernsey — Nerine  sarniensis. 

Herb — Alstr&meria. 
Iuwdae--£!yrtanthus  sanguineus. 
Saeobean — •Amaryllis  formosissima. 


LILIES  NOT  LILIES  103 

Lent — Narcissus  pseudo-narcissus. 
Lotus — Nymphcea  Lotus. 

Mariposa — Calochortus. 

Milk  and  wine — Crinum  fimbriatulum. 

Mount  Etna — Sternbergw  lutea. 

Nassau — Crinum  fimbriatulum. 
Natal — Moro3a  iridioides. 

Of  the  field * — Sterribergia  lutea. 
Of  the  Incas — Alstrczmeria  Pelegrina. 
Of  the  Nile — Richardia  africana. 
Of  the  palace — Aulica  platypetala. 
Of  the  valley — Convallaria  majalis. 

Persian — Fritillaria  persica. 
Peruvian — Alstrcemeria. 
Plantain — Funkia. 
Pond,  white — Nymphcea  odorata. 
Pond,  yellow — Nuphar  advena. 

Queen — Phcedranassa. 
Queen — Curcuma  petiola. 

Rain — Zephyranthes  alba. 
Hush — Sisyrinchium. 

St.  Bernard's — Anthericum  liliago. 
St.  Bruno's — Anthericum  liliastrum. 
St.  James — Sprekelia  formosissima. 
Satin — Sisyrinchium  B ermudianum. 
Scarborough — Vallota  purpurea. 

i  May  be  Syrian  red  lily  or  the  red  anemone  (A.  coronaria). 


104  LILIES 

Snake 's  head — Fritillaria  meleagris. 
Spanish — Pancratium  Caribbceum. 
Spider — Tradescantia  virginica. 
Spider — Pancratium  Caribbceum. 
Swamp,  Peruvian — Zephyranthes  Candida. 
Sword — Gladiolus. 

Thompson's  * — Fritillaria  Thompsonianum. 

Toad — Tricyrtis  hirta. 

Torch — Tritoma  uvaria. 

Trout — Erythronium  americmum. 

Water,  blue — Nymphcea  zanzibariensis. 
Water,  Cape  Cod — Nymphcea  rubra. 
Water,  fringed — Limnanthemum  peltatum. 
Water,  Royal — Victoria  regia. 
Water,  white — Nymphcea  odorata<. 
Water,  yellow — Nuphar  advena. 
Wood— Trillium. 

The  lily  of  antiquity  was  undoubtedly  L.  can- 
didum,  and  therefore  a  true  lily.  In  mythology 
this  white  lily  (Rosa  junonis)  was  supposed  to 
have  sprung  from  the  milk  of  Hera.  As  the 
plant  of  purity,  it  was  contrasted  with  the  rose 
of  Aphrodite.  All  through  the  Middle  Ages 
this  lily  was  the  symbol  of  heavenly  purity.  As 
is  indicated  in  the  preceding  table,  there  is  con- 
fusion of  opinion  as  to  whether  the  biblical 

i  Same  as  Litiwm  Thompsonianum  (dubious  species)'. 


LILIES  NOT  LILIES  105 

"lilies  of  the  field "  were  true  lilies.  Pliny 
mentions  a  red  Syrian  lily  and  in  springtime  the 
red  anemone  is  a  common  flower  of  the  Galilean 
hillsides;  but  there  seems  to  be  quite  as  good 
reason  for  surmising  that  the  plant  is  Stern- 
bergia  lutea. 


BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  LILIES 

Review  of  the  Order  Liliaceae,  J.  G.  Baker,  1874. 
Botanical  Review  of  Genus,  Botanical  Gazette,  1899. 
Monograph  of  the  Genus  Lilium,  EL  H.  Elwes,  1880. 

Report  of  Conference  on  Lilies  (new  species  and 
varieties  since  1880),  journal  of  the  Royal  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  1901. 

Lilies  [for  English  Gardens,  Gertrude  Jekyll,  1903. 
The  Book  of  the  Lily,  William  Goldring,  1905. 
Notes  on  Lilies,  A.  Wallace. 


106 


INDEX 


INDEX 

Alexander's  lily,  L.  Alexandrae,  60 

American  Turk's  Cap  lily,  L.  superlum,  5,  7,  9,  18,  32,  36,  37, 

41,  43,  48,  51,  95 

Annunciation  lily,  L  candidum,  1,  4,  7,  11,  12,  33,  34,  35,  36, 
37,  40,  43,  45,  48,  49,  52,  54,  56,  57,  65 

Baker's  lily,  L.  Bakeri,  62 

Bermuda  lily,  L.  longiflorum,  var.  Harrisii,  4,  8,  21,  29,  35,  41, 

42,  48,  49,  50,  54,  56,  79 
Black  lily,  L.  nigrum,  85 

Bourbon  lily,  L.  candidum,  1,  4,  7,  11,  12,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  40, 

43,  45,  48,  49,  52,  54,  56,  57,  65 

Brown's  lily,  L.  Brownii,  4,  8,  21,  33,  35,  41,  42,  48,  57,  63 
Bulb-bearing  lily,  L.  bulUferum,  4,  7,  10,  17,  35,  40,  42,  63 
Burbank's  lily,  L.  Burbanki,  41,  53,  57,  64 

Canada  lily,  L.  canadense,  5,  7,  9,  10,  19,  33,  36,  40,  43,  48, 

57,  64 
Canadian  lily,  L.  canadense,  5,  7,  9,  10,  19,  33,  36,  40,  43,  48, 

57,  64 

Carniolian  lily,  L.  carniolicum,  5,  7,  10,  20,  40,  43,  66 
Carolina  lily,  L.  carolinianum,  7,  19,  41,  57,  66 
Caucasian  lily,  L.  monadelphum,  5,  8,  9,  22,  33,  41,  43,  45,  51, 

57,  85 

Coast  lily,  L.  maritimum,  5,  6,  9,  28,  36,  81 
Coral  lily,  L.  tenuifolium,  5,  8,  14,  22,  33,  41,  43,  48,  51,  96 

Dahurian  lily,  L.  dauricum,  4,  8,  9,  16,  17,  41,  42,  48,  51,  57 
Dalhanson  lily,  L.  Dalhansoni,  53,  70 

Easter  lily,  L.  longiflorum,  4,  8,  21,  29,  35,  41,  42,  48,  49,  50, 
54,  56,  79 

109 


110  INDEX 

Giant  lily,  L.  giganteum,  3,  8,  24,  31,  43,  45,  47,  51,  57,  74 
Gold-banded  lily,  L.  auratum,  1,  4,  8,  15,  31,  33,  35,  41,  42,  48, 

49,  54,  55,  57,  61 
Gold-rayed  lily,  L.  auratum,  1,  4,  8,  15,  31,  33,  35,  41,  42,  48, 

49,  54,  55,  57,  61 
Gray's  lily,  L.  Orayi,  5,  7,  19,  41,  43,  74 

Japan  lily,  L.  auratum,  1,  4,  8,  15,  31,  33,  35,  41,  42,  48,  49, 

54,  55,  57,  61 
Japan  lily,  L.  speciosum,  I,  4,  8,  12,  14,  35,  41,  48,  49,  54,  56, 

93 
Japanese  lily,  L.  japonicum,  4,  8,  25,  42,  47,  49,  56,  57,  58,  59, 

77 
Japanese  yellow  Martagon  lily,  L.  Hansonl,  5,  8,  9,  20,  33,  35, 

39,  41,  42,  45,  48,  75 
June  lily,  L.  candidum,  1,  4,  7,  11,  12,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  40,  43, 

45,  48,  49,  52,  54,  56,  57,  65 

Handsome  lily,  L.  speciosum,  1,  4,  8,  12,  14,  35,  41,  48,  49,  54, 

56,  93 
Hanson's  lily,  L.  Hansoni,  5,  8,  9,  20,  33,  35,  39,  41,  42,  45,  48, 

75 

Heart-leaved  lily,  L.  cordifolium,  3,  8,  25,  43,  47,  69 
Henry's  lily,  L.  Henryi,  4,  8,  13,  26,  33,  34,  35,  39,  42,  48,  51,  75 
Humboldt's  lily,  L.  Humboldtii,  5,  6,  26,  27,  31,  43,  45,  76 

Kellogg's  lily,  L.  Kelloggii,  5,  6,  28,  57,  78 
Kew  lily,  L.  Kewense,  53,  78 

Kramer's  lily,  L.  japonicum,  4,  8,  25,  42,  47,  49,  56,  57,  58,  59, 
77 

Leichtlin's  lily,  L.  Leichtlini,  5,  8,  29,  42,  48,  79 
Little  lily,  L.  parvum,  5,  6,  28,  43,  88 
Low's  lily,  L.  Lowii,  4,  8,  28,  47,  80 

Lilium  Alexandrae,  60 

angustifolium,  61 
aurantiacum,  61 


INDEX  111 

lAlium  auratum,  1,  4,  8,  15,  31,  33,  35,  41,  42,  48,  49,  54,  55, 

57,61 

avenaceum,  5,  8,  29,  62 
Bakeri,  62 
Bakerianum,  62 
Batemanniae,  62 
Berensi,  62 
Bloomerianum,  62 
Bolanderi,  62 

Brownil,  4,  8,  21,  33,  35,  41,  42,  48,  57,  63 
lulbiferum,  4,  7,  10,  17,  35,  40,  42,  63 
Burbanki,  41,  53,  57,  64 
californicum,  64 
callosum,  5,  8,  29,  64 

canadense,  5,  7,  9,  10,  19,  33,  36,  40,  43,  48,  57,  64 
candidum,  1,  4,  7,  11,  12,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  40,  43,  45, 

48,  49,  52,  54,  56,  57,  65 
carniolicum,  5,  7,  10,  20,  40,  43,  66 
carolinianum,  7,  19,  41,  57,  66 
Cateslaei,  4,  7,  27,  66 
Cattaniae,  66 

chalcedonicum,  5,  7,  10,  16,  33,  40,  43,  67 
claptonense,  67 
Colchesterense,  67 
colchicum,  67 

ColumUanum,  5,  6,  19,  41,  43,  67 
concolor,  4,  8,  18,  33,  36,  40,  42,  48,  68 
cordifolium,  3,  8,  25,  43,  47,  69 
coridion,  4,  8,  69 

croceum,  1,  4,  7,  9,  10,  14,  16,  36,  41,  42,  48,  51,  69 
dahuricum,  69 
Dalhansoni,  53,  70 
dalmaticum,  70 

dauricum,  4,  8,  9,  16,  17,  41,  42,  48,  51,  70 
Davidi,  71 
davuricum,  71 
Delavayi,  71 


112  INDEX 

Lilium  elegans,  4,  8,  9,  16,  17,  33,  41,  42,  48,  59,  71 
excelsum,  73 
eximium,  73 
Fargesi,  73 
formosum,  73 
fulgens,  74 

gigwteum,  3,  8,  24,  31,  43,  45,  47,  51,  57,  74 
Grayi,  5,  7,  19,  41,  43,  74 

Hansoni,  5,  8,  9,  20,  33,  35,  39,  41,  42,  45,  48,  75 
Harrisii,  75 
Heldreichi,  5,  75 

Henryi,  4,  8,  13,  26,  33,  34,  35,  39,  42,  48,  51,  75 
Eumloldtii,  5,  6,  26,  27,  31,  43,  45,  76 
Isabellinum,  77 
Jankae,  5,  7,  9,  20,  41,  77 

japonicum,  4,  8,  25,  42,  47,  49,  56,  57,  58,  59,  77 
Kelloggii,  5,  6,  28,  57,  78 
Kewense,  53,  78 
Krameri,  78 
lancifolium,  78 
Lankongense,  79 
Ledebouri,  79 

Leichtlini,  5,  8,  29,  42,  48,  79 
Loddigesianum,  79 
longiflorum,  4,  8,  21,  29,  35,  41,  42,  48,  49,  50,  54,  56, 

79 

Lowii,  4,  8,  28,  47,  80 
maculatum,  81 
Marhan,  20,  41,  48,  53,  81 
maritimum,  5,  6,  9,  28,  36,  81 
Martagon,  5,  7,  10,  15,  16,  33,  35,  37,  41,  43,  46,  51, 

57,  81 

Masseyi,  82 
Maximoiviczii,  82 
meleoloides,  4,  8,  29,  83 
vnirdbile,  83 
monadelphum,  5,  8,  9,  22,  33,  41,  43,  45,  51,  57,  83 


INDEX  113 

Lilium  montanum,  83 

myriophyUum,  4,  8,  21,  41,  84 

neilgherrense,  4,  8,  28,  42,  47,  48,  56,  84 

nepalense,  4,  8,  28,  42,  47,  84 

nigrum,  85 

nitidum,  85 

occidentale,  85 

ochroleucum,  85 

ochraceum,  85 

oxypetalum,  85 

odorum,  85 

papilliferum,  85 

pardalinum,  5,  6,  9,  18,  19,  33,  41,  43,  45,  46,  48,  85 

Parkmanni,  87 

Parrot,  4,  6,  26,  27,  43,  48,  57,  87 

parviflorum,  5,  6,  88 

parftm,  5,  6,  28,  43,  88 

penduliftorum,  88 

percgrinum,  88 

philadelphicum,  4,  7,  9,  18,  27,  36,  43,  88 

philippinense,  4,  47,  56,  89 

polyphyllum,  5,  8,  29,  47,  89 

pomponium,  5,  7,  9,  10,  20,  34,  35,  41,  43,  57,  90 

primulinum,  4,  8,  28,  48,  90 

puberulum,  90 

pulchellum  punctatum,  90 

pumilum,  90 

Purdyi,  90 

pyrenaicum,  5,  7,  10,  20,  41,  43,  57,  91 

Roezlii,  91 

rosewm,  91 

rubellum,  4,  8,  25,  36,  42,  48,  49,  51,  57,  58,  91 

rubescens,  92 

rubrum,  92 

sanguineum,  92 

Sargentiae,  92 

s,   92 


114  INDEX 

Lilium  sinensis,  92 
sinicum,  92 

speciosum,  1,  4,  8,  12,  14,  35,  41,  48,  49,  54,  56,  93 
spectabile,  94 

sulphureum,  4,  8,  28,  42,  48,  52,  57,  94 
superbum,  5,  7,  9,  18,  32,  36,  37,  41,  43,  48,  51,  95 
Sutchuense,  95 
Szovitzianum,  95 
Taliense,  95 

tenuifolium,  5,  8,  14,  22,  33,  41,  43,  48,  51,  96 
testaceum,  5,  19,  34,  35,  36,  41,  43,  44,  48,  52,  54,  57,  96 
Thompsonianum,  97 
Thunbergianum,  97 

tigrinum,  1,  4,  8,  13,  14,  36,  38,  41,  42,  48,  57,  97 
Vki-uri  (Ukeyuri),  98 
umbellatum,  98 
Wallacei,  4,  8,  98 
Wallichianum,  4,  8,  29,  48,  98 
Washingtonianum,  4,  6,  9,  26,  31,  43,  60,  99 
yunnanense,  8,  100 

Madonna  lily,  L.  candidum,  1,  4,  7,  11,  12,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  40, 

43,  45,  48,  49,  52,  54,  56,  57,  65 
Marhan  lily,  L.  Marhan,  20,  41,  48,  53,  81 
Meadow  lily,  L.  canadense,  5,  7,  9,  10,  19,  33,  36,  40,  43,  48, 

57,  64 

Nankeen  lily,  L.  testaceum,  5,  19,  34,  35,  36,  41,  43,  44,  48,  52, 

54,  57,  96 

Neilgherry  lily,  L.  neilgherrense,  4,  8,  28,  42,  47,  48,  56,  84 
Nepaul  lily,  L.  nepalense,  4,  8,  28,  42,  47,  84 
Nevada  lily,  L.  Washingtonianum,  4,  6,  9,  26,  31,  43,  60,  99 

Oat-scale  lily,  L.  avenaceum,  5,  8,  29,  62 

Orange  lily,  L.  croceum,  1,  4,  7,  9,  10,  14,  16,  36,  41,  42,  48,  51, 

69 
Oregon  lily,  L.  Columbianum,  5,  6,  19,  41,  43,  67 


INDEX  115 

Panther  lily,  L.  pardalinum,  5,  6,  9,  18,  19,  33,  41,  43,  45,  46, 

48,  85 

Parkmann's  lily,  L.  Parkmanni,  87 
Parry's  lily,  L.  Parryi,  4,  6,  26,  27,  43,  48,  57,  87 
Philadelphia  lily,  L.  philadelphicum,  4,  7,  9,  18,  27,  36,  43,  88 
Philippine  lily,  L.  philippinense,  4,  47,  56,  89 
Primrose  lily,  L.  primulinum,  4,  8,  28,  48,  90 
Purdy's  lily,  L.  Purdyi,  90 
Purple  Martagon  lily,  L.  Martagon,  5,  7,  10,  15,  16,  33,  35,  37, 

41,  43,  46,  51,  57,  81 

Red  lily,  L.  chalcedonicum,  5,  7,  10,  16,  33,  40,  43,  67 
Red  star  lily,  L.  concolor,  4,  8,  18,  33,  36,  40,  42,  48,  68 
Reddish  lily,  L.  rubellum,  4,  8,  25,  36,  42,  48,  49,  51,  57,  58,  91 
Roezl's  lily,  L.  Roezlii,  91 

St.  Joseph's  lily,  L.  longiflorum,  4,  8,  21,  29,  35,  41,  42,  48,  49, 

50,  54,  56,  79 

Sargent's  lily,  L.  Sargentiae,  92 
Scarlet  Martagon  lily,  L.  chalcedonicum,  5,  7,  10,  16,  33,  40,  43, 

67 
Scarlet  pompone  lily,  L.  pomponium,  5,  7,  9,  10,  20,  34,  35,  41, 

43,  57,  90 

Small-flowered  lily,  L.  parviftorum,  5,  6,  88 
Southern  red  lily,  L.  Catesbaei,  4,  7,  27,  66 
Spotted  lily,  L.  Hansoni,  5,  8,  9,  20,  33,  35,  39,  41,  42,  45,  48, 

75 

Sulphur  lily,  L.  sulpliureum,  4,  8,  28,  42,  48,  52,  57,  94 
Su-Tchuen  lily,  L.  Sutchuense,  95 
Swamp  lily,  L.  superbum,  5,  7,  9,  18,  32,  36,  37,  41,  43,  48,  51, 

95 

Talien  lily,  L.  Taliense,  95 

Thompson's  lily,  L.  Thompsonianum,  97 

Thunbergian  lily,  L.  elegans,  4,  8,  9,  16,  17,  33,  41,  42,  48,  59, 

71 
Tiger  lily,  L.  tigrinum,  1,  4,  8,  13,  14,  36,  38,  41,  42,  48,  57,  97 


116  INDEX 

Trumpet  lily,  L.  longiflorum,  4,  8,  21,  29,  35,  41,  42,  48,  49,  50, 

54,  56,  79 

Turban  lily,  L.  pomponium,  5,  7,  9,  10,  20,  34,  35,  41,  43,  57,  90 
Turk's  cap  lily,  L.  chalcedonicum,  5,  7,  10,  16,  33,  40,  43,  67 
Turk's  cap  lily,  L.  Martagon,  5,  7,  10,  15,  16,  33,  35,  37,  41,  43, 

46,  51,  57,  81 

Wallace's  lily,  L.  Wallacei,  4,  8,  98 

Wallich's  lily,  L.  Wallichianum,  4,  8,  29,  48,  98 

Washington  lily,  L.  Washing tonianum,  4,  6,  9,  26,  31,  43,  60,  99 

White  lily,  L.  candidum,  1,  4,  7,  11,  12,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  40, 

43,  45,  48,  49,  52,  54,  56,  57,  65 
Wild  orange-red  lily,  L.  philadelphicum,  4,  7,  9,  18,  27,  36,  43, 

88 
Wild  yellow  lily,  L.  canadense,  5,  7,  9,  10,  19,  33,  36,  40,  43,  48, 

57,  64 
Wood  lily,  L.  philadelphicum ,  4,  7,  9,  18,  27,  36,  43,  88 

Yellow  speciosum  lily,  L.  Eenryi,  4,  8,  13,  26,  33,  34,  35,  39,  42, 

48,  51,  75 
Yellow  Turk's  cap  lily,  L.  pyrenaicum,  5,  7,  10,  20,  41,  43,  57, 

91 
Yunnan  lily,  L.  yunnanense,  8,  100 


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